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BIOL 1412 > 2 - Cell Membrane Physiology > Flashcards

2 - Cell Membrane Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a continuous layer that acts as a barrier to water soluble molecules and ions?

A

phospholipid bilayer

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2
Q

what kind of molecules are able to easily cross the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  • fat soluble
  • nonpolar + small in size
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3
Q

What are the 4 kinds of membrane protiens the bilayer contains?

A
  • transport proteins
  • receptor proteins
  • enzymes
  • anchoring proteins
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4
Q

what are the 2 types of transport proteins?

A
  • channel proteins
  • carrier proteins
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5
Q

what are channel proteins?

A
  • form a **pore (opening) (polar) in cell membrane
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6
Q

what does movement occur by in channel proteins?

A

**facilitated diffusion:
- HIGH [ ] to LOW [ ]

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7
Q

what does it mean for channel proteins to be gated?

A

allows the channels to be open or closed

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8
Q

what does it mean for channel proteins to be non-gated?

A

the channel will be open all of the time

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9
Q

what are carrier proteins?

A

bind to solutes and shuttle them across the membrane
(more laborious?/ require more things to do)

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10
Q

what does movement occur by in carrier proteins?

A
  • facilitated movement (HIGH to LOW)
  • active transport (LOW to HIGH [ ] , requires energy)
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11
Q

what is an example of a carrier protein?

A

**GLUT transporters: they physically bind to glucose and transport it across the membrane

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12
Q

what are the very specific extracellular molecules that receptor protein bind to called?

A

ligands

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13
Q

what’s an example of a receptor protein?

A

**insulin binds to insulin receptors located in the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibres
- result: changes in membrane permeability to glucose/AAs allowing increased uptake of glucose and AAs from the blood into the sarcoplasm of the fibres

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14
Q

what type of membrane protein controls chemical reactions that take place on the cytoplasmic or extra-cellular face of the cell membrane?

A

enzymes

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15
Q

what is an example of an enzyme?

A

acetylcholinesterase on the outer sauce of the sarcolemma of a muscle fibre > cleaves and inactivates acetylcholine (on post-synaptic cell)

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16
Q

what can anchoring proteins join?

A
  • join cytoskeleton to cell membrane
  • join adjacent cells forming intercellular junctions
  • join the cell to extracellular fibres
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17
Q

what are examples of joining adjacent cells forming intercellular junctions (anchoring proteins)?

A
  • desmosomes (loose)
  • tight junctions (tight)
  • gap junctions (lets cytoplasm of one cell to move to cytoplasm of another)
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18
Q

what is the function of membrane carbohydrates?

A

cell recognition/identification

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19
Q

where are membrane carbohydrates located?

A
  • on protein (glycoprotein) or lipid (glycolipid)
  • extracellular surface
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20
Q

what is MHC I?

A

-a glycosylated protein on the outside surface of all **nucleated cells in the body

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21
Q

do red blood cells contain any nuclei when they’re mature? how does that relate to MHC I?

A

RBC do not contain nuclei when mature > no MHC I present in their membrane > **allows the immune system to distinguish “self” from “non-self”

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22
Q

what is passive active transport?

A
  • doesn’t require energy (releases energy)
  • HIGH [ ] to LOW [ ]
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23
Q

what is the movement of solute directly through the membrane (no membrane protein) called?

A

simple diffusion

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24
Q

what kind of molecules can pass with simple diffusion?

A

small, lipid soluble molecules (O2 and CO2)

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25
what is the movement of ions across the membrane called?
facilitated diffusion
26
what type of membrane protein does facilitated diffusion use?
channel protein
27
examples of ions in facilitated diffusion?
Na + and K +
28
what is carrier-mediated transport?
- moves charged, polar, or large molecules - carrier protein engages specifically with the solute during transport > limits the *rate at which solute can be moves
29
what is an example of carrier-mediated transport?
GLUT transporters used to move glucose into muscle fibres
30
what is the movement of solvent rather than solute?
osmosis
31
what are the ways water either move through in osmosis?
through aquaporins channels or directly across the membrane
32
what are aquaporins?
specific to water > water transporters/channels
33
how does water move during osmosis?
HIGH [water] to LOW [water]
34
how does solute move in osmosis?
LOW [solute] to HIGH [solute]
35
what is osmotic pressure?
pressure that must be applied to prevent movement of water across membrane
36
what does the osmotic pressure equal to is there is a solution of pure water on both sides?
0 (zero) b/c there is no need to move
37
high solute concentration = ___ osmotic pressure
high
38
low solute concentration = ___ osmotic pressure
low
39
what describes the behaviour of a cell that is immersed in solution?
tonicity
40
in what type of solution is the solution less concentrated that the cytoplasm of the cell?
hypotonic
41
what is the water movement and cell shape description of a hypotonic solution?
- water moves **into the cell unit the two concentrations are equal - cell = swell and maybe burst
42
when a RBC is placed in pure water and the RBC undergoes hemolysis (burst), what type of tonicity example is this?
hypotonic
43
in what type of solution is the solution more concentrated that the cytoplasm of the cell?
hypertonic
44
what is the water movement and cell shape description of a hypertonic solution?
- water moves **out of the cell - cell = dehydrates/shrivels
45
when a RBC is placed is places in a solution of 10% NaCl, what type of tonicity example is this?
hypertonic
46
in what type of solution is the solution (extra-cellular fluid) the same concentration as cytoplasm (0.9% NaCl)?
isotonic
47
what is the movement of water in a isotonic solution?
no net movement
48
what is interstitial fluid (ISF)?
extracellular fluid (ECF) that fills the space around all cells
49
what is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
fluid located **inside the cell
50
**blood solute concentration example
water is lost from body as sweat > less water in the blood > [solute] of the blood increases > fluid moves into the blood from the tissues to decrease blood solute concentration > the body triggers thirst and decreases water excretion @ the kidney level to restore lost water/prevent further loss
51
what is bulk flow?
movement of fluid and solute within due to a **pressure gradient
52
what is this an example of : fluid in a blood vessel is pushing outward against the wall of the vessel
hydrostatic pressure
53
what will happen if blood has a high HP and interstitial fluid has a low HP?
fluid will flow *out of the capillary into to interstitial fluid (ISF) or (ECF)
54
what is fluid movement to/from the capillary determined by the balance of?
- hydrostatic pressure - osmotic pressure
55
what results from the presence of large proteins that are unable to cross the membrane and escape blood?
osmotic pressure
56
what is the movement of fluid INTO the blood called?
absorption
57
what is the movement of fluid OUT of the blood called?
filtration
58
what is the movement of solutes against the concentration gradient from areas of low [solute] to high [solute] called?
active transport
59
what kind of active transport directly uses ATP from the cell?
primary active transport
60
what kind of active transport is the Na+/K+ ATPase pump an example of?
primary active transport
61
Explain the Na+/K+ ATPase pump
- locates in the plasma membrane of all body cells - actively transports 3Na+ OUT the cell and 2K+ INTO the cell consuming 1 ATP for power - the Na+ and K+ gradients produced contain stored energy that originated in ATP molecules
62
what kind of active transport does not directly uses ATP?
secondary active transport
63
what kinda of active transport is this an example of : movement of Na+ down its concentration gradient (which was created by Na+/K+ ATPase) releases stored energy that powers the movement of glucose up its concentration gradient (from low [glc] to high [glc])
secondary active transport
64
in the example of secondary active transport, what are both glucose and Na+ transported by?
a single carrier protein
65
what kind of active transport is the transport of substances that are surrounded by a membrane within the cell?
vesicular transport
66
what is endocytosis?
movement of material INTO the cell
67
what is there term that describes the ingestion of large items into the cell?
phagocytosis
68
what is "cell drinking"
pinocytosis
69
what is it called when fluids and any dissolved material within are taken up into the cell?
pinocytosis
70
what is exocytosis?
movement of material destined for export OUT of the cell
71
what element is exocytosis dependent on?
calcium
72
what are examples of exocytosis?
- hormones - enzymes - neurotransmitters

BIOL 1412 (3 decks)

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