2 - Blood Physiology Flashcards
What is the composition of blood?
Comp: connective tissue with plasma and elements
* 55% plasma (91% water, 7% proteins, 2% other solutes – proteins like globulins) * 45% formed elements (rbc – oxygen carriers) * Buffy coat (wbcs - 5-10 thousand – neutrophis, monocytes and basophils, and platlets)
What are the functions of blood
- transport gases, nutrients + waste
- transport of molecules
- regulation of homeostasis (pH, body temp, protection against forgein substances + clot formation
What are proteins in plasma?
Albumins: viscosity, osmotic pressure, buffer transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones.
Globulins: Transport lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, antibodies, and complement
Fibrinogen: blood clotting.
Define hemaropoiesis
The production of all types of blood cells
What are products formed from hematopoiesis
• Proerythroblasts (develop to RBC) • Myeloblasts (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils) • Lymphoblasts (lymphocytes) • Monoblasts (monocytes) * Magarkyctes (platelets)
What are erythrocytes
Rbc’s
What is the structure + function of erythrocytes?
- Structure: biconcave disc, contain hemoglobin, transport O2 and CO2.
- Function: transport oxygen from lungs to tissue (approx. 98.5%)
How are erythrocytes produced?
• Erythropoietin: hormone stimulates RBC production by kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. > hormone travels to bone marrow > stem cells make more red blood cells. > once reticulocytes there released into the circulation
(STAGES OF RBC PRODUCTION/ERYTHROPOIESIS: stem cells > proerythroblasts > erythroblasts > reticulocytes)
Describe the composition of Haemoglobin
Composition: 4 globin chains (transport co2, nitric oxide each containing a ‘haem’ molecule which contains an iron atom.
“oxyhemoglobin” - with o2
“deoxyhemoglobin – with no O2
“carbihaemglobin” - with CO2
Describe the breakdown of Haemoglobin
Breakdown of hemoglobin: Macrophages remove hemoglobin > hemoglobin broken down > (ham) and glob group > globin group is turned to amino acids > reused within the body.
- Haem is difficult to break down (as it is not water soluble) , it travels into bile, to small intestine and travels out into facies.
- Iron is difficult to break down. It travels around the body
What are the classes of Lukocytes
Neutrophils (arrive first, most numerous, have a short life span 10-12 hrs, phagocytize bacteria – digests and engulfs pathogen, detect antigen-antibody complexes, Last for 1-2 days once released. Also called “PMN” in blood pathology results)
Eosinophils (leave circulation, less numerous, reddish hue, important in allergic reactions and parasites, like tapeworms)
Basophils (least common, play a role in inflammatory response, often blue color, produce histamine and heparin)
Monocytes (turn into macrophages, remain in circulation for 3 days, clean up debris, break down antigens and present them to lymphocytes for recognition – first step in adaptive immunity)
(neutrophil 60% lymphocyte 30%, monocyte 5%, eosinophil 3%, basophil 2%)
What are leukocytes
Leukocytes (protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris)
What are thrombocytes
(Cell fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow)
What are blood disorders
Erythrocytosis: increased circulating RBC number.
Polycythemia: increased RBC concentration
Anemia: Low oxygen carrying capacity die to a deficiency of functional hemoglobin (due to: iron deficiency, pernicious, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle-cell)
Hemophilia: deficiency in ability to clot (bruising easily, bleeding for a long time)
Thrombocytophilia: platelet plug disorder
Leukemia: form of cancer, leukocyte disorder.
Infectious diseases in blood: Septicemia, Malaria (microorganisms in RBCs), infectious mononucleosis (caused by ebstein bar virus), HIV/AIDs (infects lymphocytes in blood causing a immunodeficiency)
Define Erythrocytosis
Erythrocytosis: a condition with a increased red blood cell concentration within the blood.
Define Anemia
Anemia: decreased oxygen carrying capacity due to the blood deficiency of Hb.
Define hemostasis
The stopping of bleeding due to 3 steps:
What are the 3 processes of hemostasis
- Vasuclar spasm
- Platlet plug formation
- Coagulation
What are the 4 processes of Platelet Plug Formation
1) Platelet Adhesion
2) Platelt release reaction
3) Platelet aggregation
4) Expression of coagulation factor V and phospholipids
Describe the control of clot formation:
Anticoagulation: prevents coagulagtion factors from initating clot formation. (e.g. antithrobin: slowly inactivates thrombin) (heparin: prodiced by basophils and endothelial cells. Increases effectivness of antithrobibin. Prostacyclin
Fibrinolysis: Clot retravtion. Fibrin threads of clot attached to blood vessel wallls. Plateltes produce things which attach to fibrin threads
Define Transfusion
Transfusion: transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another. (Used whe
Define Infusion
Infusion: introduction of fluid other than blood.
What is Rh Positive
Rh Positive: have these antigens present on surface of RBCs.
What is Rh Negative
Rh Negative: DO not have these antigens present.