2 - Blood Physiology

Question 1

What is the composition of blood?

Answer 1

Comp: connective tissue with plasma and elements

* 55% plasma (91% water, 7% proteins, 2% other solutes – proteins like globulins) 
* 45% formed elements (rbc – oxygen carriers) 
* Buffy coat (wbcs - 5-10 thousand – neutrophis, monocytes and basophils, and platlets)

Question 2

What are the functions of blood

Answer 2

• transport gases, nutrients + waste
• transport of molecules
• regulation of homeostasis (pH, body temp, protection against forgein substances + clot formation

Question 3

What are proteins in plasma?

Answer 3

Albumins: viscosity, osmotic pressure, buffer transport fatty acids, thyroid hormones.

Globulins: Transport lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, ions, antibodies, and complement

Fibrinogen: blood clotting.

Question 4

Define hemaropoiesis

Answer 4

The production of all types of blood cells

Question 5

What are products formed from hematopoiesis

Answer 5

• Proerythroblasts (develop to RBC) 
	• Myeloblasts (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils) 
	• Lymphoblasts (lymphocytes) 
	• Monoblasts (monocytes) 
        * Magarkyctes (platelets)

Question 6

What are erythrocytes

Answer 6

Rbc’s

Question 7

What is the structure + function of erythrocytes?

Answer 7

• Structure: biconcave disc, contain hemoglobin, transport O2 and CO2.
  
  • Function: transport oxygen from lungs to tissue (approx. 98.5%)

Question 8

How are erythrocytes produced?

Answer 8

• Erythropoietin: hormone stimulates RBC production by kidneys in response to low oxygen levels. > hormone travels to bone marrow > stem cells make more red blood cells. > once reticulocytes there released into the circulation

(STAGES OF RBC PRODUCTION/ERYTHROPOIESIS: stem cells > proerythroblasts > erythroblasts > reticulocytes)

Question 9

Describe the composition of Haemoglobin

Answer 9

Composition: 4 globin chains (transport co2, nitric oxide each containing a ‘haem’ molecule which contains an iron atom.
“oxyhemoglobin” - with o2
“deoxyhemoglobin – with no O2
“carbihaemglobin” - with CO2

Question 10

Describe the breakdown of Haemoglobin

Answer 10

Breakdown of hemoglobin: Macrophages remove hemoglobin > hemoglobin broken down > (ham) and glob group > globin group is turned to amino acids > reused within the body.

• Haem is difficult to break down (as it is not water soluble) , it travels into bile, to small intestine and travels out into facies.
• Iron is difficult to break down. It travels around the body

Question 11

What are the classes of Lukocytes

Answer 11

Neutrophils (arrive first, most numerous, have a short life span 10-12 hrs, phagocytize bacteria – digests and engulfs pathogen, detect antigen-antibody complexes, Last for 1-2 days once released. Also called “PMN” in blood pathology results)

Eosinophils (leave circulation, less numerous, reddish hue, important in allergic reactions and parasites, like tapeworms)

Basophils (least common, play a role in inflammatory response, often blue color, produce histamine and heparin)

Monocytes (turn into macrophages, remain in circulation for 3 days, clean up debris, break down antigens and present them to lymphocytes for recognition – first step in adaptive immunity)

(neutrophil 60% lymphocyte 30%, monocyte 5%, eosinophil 3%, basophil 2%)

Question 12

What are leukocytes

Answer 12

Leukocytes (protect body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris)

Question 13

What are thrombocytes

Answer 13

(Cell fragments from megakaryocytes in bone marrow)

Question 14

What are blood disorders

Answer 14

Erythrocytosis: increased circulating RBC number.

Polycythemia: increased RBC concentration

Anemia: Low oxygen carrying capacity die to a deficiency of functional hemoglobin (due to: iron deficiency, pernicious, hemorrhagic, hemolytic, sickle-cell)

Hemophilia: deficiency in ability to clot (bruising easily, bleeding for a long time)

Thrombocytophilia: platelet plug disorder

Leukemia: form of cancer, leukocyte disorder.
Infectious diseases in blood: Septicemia, Malaria (microorganisms in RBCs), infectious mononucleosis (caused by ebstein bar virus), HIV/AIDs (infects lymphocytes in blood causing a immunodeficiency)

Question 15

Define Erythrocytosis

Answer 15

Erythrocytosis: a condition with a increased red blood cell concentration within the blood.

Question 16

Define Anemia

Answer 16

Anemia: decreased oxygen carrying capacity due to the blood deficiency of Hb.

Question 17

Define hemostasis

Answer 17

The stopping of bleeding due to 3 steps:

Question 18

What are the 3 processes of hemostasis

Answer 18

1. Vasuclar spasm
   
   2. Platlet plug formation
   3. Coagulation

Question 19

What are the 4 processes of Platelet Plug Formation

Answer 19

1) Platelet Adhesion
2) Platelt release reaction
3) Platelet aggregation
4) Expression of coagulation factor V and phospholipids

Question 20

Describe the control of clot formation:

Answer 20

Anticoagulation: prevents coagulagtion factors from initating clot formation. (e.g. antithrobin: slowly inactivates thrombin) (heparin: prodiced by basophils and endothelial cells. Increases effectivness of antithrobibin. Prostacyclin

Fibrinolysis: Clot retravtion. Fibrin threads of clot attached to blood vessel wallls. Plateltes produce things which attach to fibrin threads

Question 21

Define Transfusion

Answer 21

Transfusion: transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another. (Used whe

Question 22

Define Infusion

Answer 22

Infusion: introduction of fluid other than blood.

Question 23

What is Rh Positive

Answer 23

Rh Positive: have these antigens present on surface of RBCs.

Question 24

What is Rh Negative

Answer 24

Rh Negative: DO not have these antigens present.