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Physics > 2. Biological signals & measurements > Flashcards

2. Biological signals & measurements Flashcards

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1
Q

Plasma osmolarity formula
what is it & define
Normal rang

A

2(Na+K) + Gluc + Urea
Measure solute concentration, numbe osmole solute/ L solution
285-295
ffected by temperature and pressur

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2
Q

Osmolality

A

Measure cocentration per Kg

independent of temperature and pressure

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3
Q

Osmolar gap

A

Measured serum osmolaLity − calculated osmolaRity

Raised
excess alcohols, lipids and proteins in blood.

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4
Q

Osmometers use

A

Colligative properties - depression freezing point / vapour pressure

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5
Q

Anion Gap calculation

A

(Na + K) - (Cl + bic)

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6
Q

Causes High AG

A

Ketoacid overproduction (diabetes, alcohol, starvation)

Lactic acid overproduction

Inability to excrete acids (sulfate and phosphate) secondary to acute kidney injury

Poisoning with salicylates, ethylene glycol, methanol, paraldehyde and propyl alcohol.

Dehydration

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7
Q

ECG
Standard speed & corresponds

standard calibration

PR

Q

QT

S-T

during the isoelectric phase between the S and T waves, the intracellular potential in ventricular muscle cells is

A

25mm/sec
1mm correspond 0.04s

0.1mV = 1mm

.12-.2s P wave to the start of the QRS complex

0.12 seconds.

The Q-T interval is measured from the start of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave.
It approximates to the ventricular refractory period and is normally 0.42 seconds.

S-T segment is measured from the end of the QRS complex to the start of the T wave.

Positive w/ regards to interstitial

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8
Q

Higher frequency response limit in ECG

A 
Low  pass - high freq filter set 40 /100/150hz
accurate assess 
ST
QRS morph
Tacht
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9
Q

High pass filter

A

Low freq - set 0.05Hz
Low limit
Improves assess P T ST segmend

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10
Q

ecg electrodes

how is there accuracy reduced

inproved

A

signal arrives = current

cause chem change surface - inaccuracies second altered impedance

inaccuracy resting skin - impedence vartion - moisture
potential generation

Inaccuracy reduced - silver electrode contact cl ion in gel solution

large electrode surface area reduces inaccuracy

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11
Q

highest acoustic impedance between

A

boundary fat and bone

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12
Q

whats acoustic impedance

A

resistance to US beam occur tissue

spread sound wave density tissue

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13
Q

Electrical potential gen

Pacemaker - pulse duration

A

1ms deliver potent 4v

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14
Q

Nerve stimulator where are electrodes

A

neg electrode - over nerve

pos electrode more proximal

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15
Q

Dose of Nerve stimulator

A

60mA - nerve stim - supra-max stim (10% > threshold)

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16
Q

DBS

A

Two burst sep .75s

each burst - three .2ms stimuli - sep 20ms (50hz)

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17
Q

TOF

A

4 square wave lasting .2ms

rate 2hz

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18
Q

advantage of low frequency filter

A

low frequency = high pass filter
signal above threshold allowed pass

set .5hz

stable baseline reducin resp and body movement artefacts

also enhance rep p and t wave morphology - allow anal st seg

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19
Q

Greatest attenuation difference

A

water .0002

lung 40

20
Q

1mmHg = how many cm h2o

A

1.4cm h20

21
Q

1cm h2o = how many mmhg

A

.76mmHg

22
Q

Oscilloscope -

what useful for

Cathode ray tube

A

Useful for high freq signal

Can be used to monitor ABP from transducer

may be used to plot flow volume loops

has an advantage over the galvanometer - negligible inertia

electron beam from hot cathode

23
Q

Phase of a sine wave

A

refers to different angles wave cross lines

describe degrees

24
Q

Large amplitude light

A

= bright light

25
Q

Hertz is unit for

A

cycle per second

derive si frequncy

26
Q

Wavelength sine wave

A

distance between two corresponding point in cycles

27
Q

amplitude of wave

A

Distance horizontal line to peak of wave

28
Q

Bandwith of an amplifier

A

Range frequency - constant

enables rejection of some interference

ra

29
Q

Differential amplifer

gain amplifeier

A

Work Common mode rejection
only difference in signal recorded not signal common both
1
used eeg

gain amplifer measure on log scale
it is - ratio output voltage to input volt
measure bel

30
Q

TEG normal

A

R 20-30 (reaction time) start test fibrin form

K time 8-15mm clot kinietc begin clot until apmlit reach 20mm

A 30-47 angle = Line r value + 1 K

MA 50-60- agreatest amplitude measure clot stenth
Clot lysis index - amplit 30m % MA

31
Q

TEG hypofibr

A

R low normal

K high

MA - low

A angle low

32
Q

Poor plt fxn

A

R low

K low

MA low

A angle low near normla

33
Q

Basic blood gas analsyer

A

Clark electrode + Severnighaus + pH

Clark - Oxygen tension

34
Q

What does fuel cell measure

A

oxygen tension on anaes machine

35
Q

Normal qt interval

A

.35-.43s

36
Q

Lead 1 2 3

A

1 right => left arm

2 right arm => left leg

3 Left arm => left leg

37
Q

Second heart sound heard where

what else happens at this wave

A

end of t wave

aortic pressure highest immed before t wave

38
Q

If poorly compliant aline

aline

A

high systolic

low diastolic

39
Q

if overcompliant

A

damped
sb= under
diastolic overread

40
Q

ph 7.6 H ion

A

<30

aprox 13000 mmol h ion made day

41
Q

Cathode clark

ph electrode ref

A

clarke
plat

ref mercury

42
Q

Drift occurs

what are the types

A

whne over a period displayed value differes from true value

offset drfit occurs - dispayed value varies constant from true value
correct singe point calib

gradient - varies true diff amt at dif times
less rapidly
but 2 point calibration required

43
Q

What uses EEG

A

BIS

Auditory evoked potential

Compressed spectral array

44
Q

EEG waves

A

range 1-100uv

4 waves

a- normal parieto occip at rest
depressesd GA

B frontal
decrease with age
highest freq
(d y a B) low to high

Delta - children + sleep

Y sometimes abnormal

45
Q

Ultrasound dopler effect

sound move closer velocity

wavelegnth

pitch

can we hear us

A

Sound move towards observer - velocity unchanged
- wavelength and freq vary inverseley

wavelength decreases, frequency increase
sound higher pitched

US - very high freq low singal wave too high for human ear

Physics (11 decks)

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