2) Biological Molecules Flashcards
What is the importamce of Water in Living Organsims
- Reactant importaant in chemical reactions.
- -Solvent substance dissolves in it,most biological reactions takes place here
- Transport substances Liquid and solvent mean it can easily transport all sort of materials eg , glucose, oxygen
- Temperature control high specific heat capacity and high latent heat of evaporation
- **Habitat ** helps with temperature control and is a solvent, less dense when it freeses so organisms can reproduce and survive on it
Describe water having simple structure
shared negative hydrogen electrons are pulled to oxygen atom , give a slightly positive charge
unshared negative electron of oxygen give negative charge
Makes water a polar molecule ( partial negative charge)
How does water’s polarity make it cohesive and a good solvent
Attraction of molecules as they are polar
help water to flow hence good for transporting substances.
Slightly positive end is attractive to negative ion vice versa, ions will get totally surrounded so they’ll be dissolved
What are carbohydrates.
Polymers
Made out of monosaccharides.
WHat is the difference between alpha and beta glucose
Hydrogen group above for alpha
Hydrogen group below for beta
every other Beta glucose flipped to align hydrogen atoms to eachother
How do monosaccharides join to form disaccharides and vise versa
Join by glycosidic bonds
Condensation -Removal of water , join together
Hydrolysis - Addition of water , break apart
What are the monosacharides that form different disaccharides
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose
Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
GLucose + Galactose = Lactose
Why is Amylose a good energy store in plants
Unbranched chain of a-glucose
Coiled structure
Compact as can fit more in a small space
Starch as a whole isinsoluble so doesn’t cause water to enter
Why is Amylopectin a good energy source in plants
Long branched chains , 1’6 and 1’4 branches. Side branches allow enzymes to break down glycosidic bonds easily , glucose released quickly
Wy is glycogen a good energy store for animals
Loads of side branches , released quickly and compact so good storage
Why is cellulose important for cell walls
Long, unbranched chains of beta-glucose
Form straight chains
form strong microfibrils
provide structural support
What are triglycerides
Macromolecules
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails
Ester bond formed by condensation.
What are the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated - No double bonds , straight chains
Unsaturated - Atleast 1 double bond , cause a kink
role of triglycerides
Energy storage molecules
tails contain chemical energy , when broken released alot of energy.
Insoluble,
Role of cholestrol
Regulate fluidity of bilayer
High temp - less fluid and more rigid
Low temp - Inc fluidity
Describe the structure of amino acids/ proteins
Carboxyl group , amino group , Variable group
Linked by peptide bonds
Describe the structures of enzymes
**Primary ** Sequence of amino acids (peptide bonds )
Secondary H bonds cause coil into a-helix or fold into B-Pleated sheet.
(H Bonds)
Tertiary Further coil or ffold. More bonds form , Single polypeptide chain
(Ionic,Disulfide,hydrophobic, H Bonds)
**Quaternary ** Several polypeptide chains. Can have prosthetic groups or other bonds
Describe and give examples of Globular Proteins
Round compact
R groups on outside
Soluble ,easily transported
eg : Haemoglobin -conjugated protein , non-protein g added.
Insulin - 2 polyp chains w// disulfide B
Amylase - enzyme , single chain
Describe and give examplea of fibrous proteins
Insoluble strong unreactive
Collagen - strong , connective tissue
Keratin - ext struct, flexible , hard ,tough
Elasti - Elastic , connective tissue
