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LSS 1 - RESPIRATORY > 2 - Basic Structure of the Airway > Flashcards

2 - Basic Structure of the Airway Flashcards

1
Q

give an overview of the order that air passes through the respiratory system

A
  • starts in the nose and nasal passages
  • down to the pharynx, larynx and trachea
  • trachea branches into the primary bronchi which supply the lungs
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2
Q

what type of epithelium is in the alveoli?

A

(thin) simple squamous

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3
Q

what are alveolar capillaries?

A

on the pulmonary circuit

bring deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle via the pulmonary turnk/arteries

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4
Q

what comprises the upper airways?

A
  • nasal cavities
  • nasopharynx (above the roof of the mouth)
  • laryngopharynx (shared by airway and foodway)
  • larynx (voicebox/Adam’s apple)
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5
Q

what happens to inspired air as it passes through the nasal cavities? Why is this needed?

A

passes through the warm, moist plates, becoming warmer and more humidified
this protects the lower part of the respiratory tract from cold shock and drying

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6
Q

what are the names of the warm, moist plates?

A

conchae- three scroll-like plates

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7
Q

during inspiration, inspired air becomes warmer and humidified, what is the effect on the nasal lining and what does this result in during expiration?

A

the nasal lining becomes cooled

hence during expiration, the nasal lining cools the expired air and also retrieves water by condensation

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8
Q

what are the function of nasal mucus and hair?

what effect does this have on resistance to airflow?

A

help to exclude a range of airborne particles

because of this the complex, narrow passages of the nasal cavity have a high resistance to airflow

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9
Q

what does this high resistance result in during exercise? What comparative effect does this have?

A

(the respiratory muscles cannot propel air through the nose fast enough)
so open-mouthed breathing takes over with an increased loss of water and exposure to airborne particles

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10
Q

what is the secondary role of the nasal cavities?

A

sense of olfaction (smell)

NOTE: has specialised epithelium with specialised nerve supply

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11
Q

name the 4 paranasal air sinuses

what are they?

A

maxillary (cheek)
ethmoid (multiple)
frontal
sphenoid

4 sets of blind ended out-pocketings (holes) of the lateral walls of the nasal cavities

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12
Q

what is the function of the paranasal air sinuses?

A

NOTE: air turnover is slow and plays little role in heat and water transfer

  • reducing the weight of the facial bones
  • providing a crumple zone in facial trauma
  • act as resonators for the voice
  • act as insinuating sensitive structures such as dental toots and eyes from the rapid temperature fluctuations in the nasal cavities
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13
Q

which sinus is commonly infected?

A

maxillary (because the opening is high up)

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14
Q

what comprises the lower airways?

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles from which the alveoli are direct or indirect bids
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15
Q

what holds open the airways?

A
  • walls of larynx, trachea and bronchi are held open by plates/crescents of cartilage
  • nasal cavities and pharynx are held open by attachment to nearby bones
  • microscopic air spaces (alveolar buds and alveoli) contain a surfactant phospholipid that prevents collapse caused by surface tension forces
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16
Q

structurally, what is the pharynx?

A

the final part of the airway proximal to its separation from the oesphagus

17
Q

what are the three parts of the pharynx?

A
  • nasopharynx- (connects the nasal cavity and the throat) posterior to the nasal cavity, and is the Eustanchian tube opening
  • oropharynx- (connects mouth and pharynx) posterior to the tongue, consists of lymphoid tissue
  • laryngopharynx- after the epiglottis (stops food going into the airway
18
Q

what is the larynx? (structurally)

A

(voice box)
cartilaginous structure supported from the roof of the mouth by the hyoid bone
entire structure is lined by a membrane, which forms a complete sheath on the inside of the trachea

19
Q

what is larynx associated with?

A

lateral carotids

20
Q

what the position of the larynx with regard to the thyroid gland and the trachea?

A

superior and posterior to the thyroid gland

superior to the trachea

21
Q

what is arytenoid cartilage and what is its function?

A
  • attached to the vocal ligaments (which open and close entry to the larynx)
  • acts as a sphincter, preventing entry into the lower airways (note: open during inspiration and closed during swallowing and vibrate between open and closed during speech/phonation)
22
Q

what is the function of the larynx?

A

modulation of sound (without the larynx, voice would be monotonous, low pitch)

23
Q

what can closing of the vocal folds also result in?

A

it increases the pressure in the thorax and abdomen.

this can lead to an expulsive force e.g. during sneezing, childbirth and vomiting

24
Q

what is the structure of the trachea?

A
  • regular cartilage arrangement of around 20 cartilage rings
  • anterior surface is lined with epithelium
  • posterior surface consists of trachealis muscle which is anterior to oesphageal muscle and is needed for swallowing (as the cartilage ring is not continuous here)
25
Q

anatomically, where does the trachea branch?

A

T4- the sternal angle

26
Q

what is dimorphism, with reference to the lungs?

A

between the primary bronchi- the right side is larger and more vertical (so more things are inhaled into it)

27
Q

which bronchi supply the lobes of the lung? (hierarchy)

A

secondary

28
Q

which bronchi supply each pulmonary segment within the each lobe?

A

tertiary

29
Q

as branching of the bronchi occurs, what happens to the proportions of cartilage and smooth muscle?

A

the number of cartilage rings decrease and the amount of smooth muscle increases

30
Q

what is the function of the pleura?

A

allows each lung to slide smoothly within its pleural cavity during breathing

31
Q

why is the dome of the diaphragm bulged up?

A

because of the pressure differences between the pleura and abdominal cavities
NOTE: this buldge (and hence the pressure difference) is at its highest during expiration

32
Q

which nerve supplies motor innervation to the diphargm?

A

phrenic (from C3,4,5)

LSS 1 - RESPIRATORY (16 decks)

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