2) Atoms And Minerals Flashcards
Describe proton
Positive charge and their number in the nucleus defines an element
What is an atom?
Basic unit of matter that consists of a central nucleus surrounded by cloud of electrons
- nucleus
- protons
- neutrons
- electron orbital shells
Describe neutron
Electrically neutral but a large number of them can make a nucleus unstable so it decays radioactively
Describe electron
Have a negative charge, can be shared with neighboring atoms to produce bonds
What differentiates one element from another
Number of protons in nucleus of elements
Why do different elements bond to each other
Atom favors an even amount of electrons
Cation
Na gives away an electron to become positively charged
Anion
Cl gains an electron to become negatively charged
What is an ion
a charged atom
What is valence
Charge that an atom has when bonded
anionic groups
Sometimes in nature, different elements tend to be strongly bonded together to form Anionic groups
Ionic bond
Electron almost completely moves from an atom to its neighboring atom
Covalent bond
Electrons are shared by 2 atoms
Metallic bond
Electron hops from one atom to the next
Mineral
Naturally occurring inorganic solid with regular internal crystal structure, formed by inorganic or organic processes
Polymorph
Different minerals with different structure that have the same chemical composition
Native elements
Ex: diamond C, graphite C, copper Cu, gold Au, silver Ag
Uses: jewelry, electronic conductors, insulators, abrasives
Halides, anions are halogens including F-,Cl-
Ex: halite NaCl, sylvite KCl, fluorite CaF2
Uses: salts, electronics, chemical industry, precipitate in salty water
Oxides, anion is oxygen
Ex: hematite, magnetite, rutile
Uses: metallurgy, electronics, pigments, ceramics
Hydroxides Anionic group is hydroxyl OH-
Ex: goethite, gibbsite
Clays are hydroxides
Uses: gibbsite is major source of aluminum, ceramics
Sulfides, anion is sulfur (S2-)
Ex: pyrite, galena, chalcocite
Uses: commonly make ores of important metals like copper, lead, zinc
Sulfates, Anionic group is sulfate (SO4^2-)
Ex: gypsum, barite
Include mostly alkali earth elements bonded with sulfate
Usually form evaporate by evaporation of salty water
Carbonates, Anionic group is carbonate (CO3^2-)
Ex: calcite, dolomite
Precipitate in warm ocean water, important in carbon cycle, most caves occur in carbonates
Uses: building industry and chemical industry
Phosphates Anionic group is phosphate (PO4^3-)
Ex: apatite
Bones are biogenetic phosphates
Uses: fertilizers
Silicates, Anionic group is silicate (SiO4^4-)
Ex: Quartz, feldspar
Uses: glass, ceramics, electronics, abrasives, food
Silica tetrahedron
Basic building block of all silicates
-can be stacked in several different arraignments w/ other cations in between
