2: Aspects of obesity Flashcards
At a fundamental level, what causes obesity?
More energy in than energy out
Which three food groups contribute the most to obesity?
Carbohydrates
Fat
Protein
Excess of what drinks can cause obesity?
Alcohol
What three processes contribute to energy expenditure in the body?
Basal metabolism - e.g digesting food, heartbeat, breathing…
Thermogenesis - temperature regulation of the body
Physical activity
Which gene is thought to be associated with obesity?
FTO
Obesity is associated with a lot of _-__.
co-morbidities
What are some cardiovascular complications of obesity?
Hypertension
PE / Stroke
Heart failure
What are some respiratory complications of obesity?
Sleep apnoea
Asthma
What are some musculoskeletal complications of obesity?
Osteoarthritis
Chronic pain syndromes (e.g fibromyalgia)
If you have obesity, you are more likely to develop ___.
cancer
Obesity causes ___ ___ which leads to overproduction of insulin by the pancreas, causing ___.
insulin resistance
hyperinsulinaemia
What are some incretins, found in the GI tract, which influence glucose absorption and appetite?
GIP and GLP-1
acted on by GLP-1 agonists (exenatide) and DPP-IV inhibitors (gliptins)
What is a hormone which informs the hypothalamus of the body’s fat content, has an effect on appetite and reduces resting metabolic rate?
Leptin
If no leptin is being produced, or your leptin receptors function incorrectly, the hypothalamus thinks you’re in a state of ___ and will increase your appetite.
starvation
What cell structure, when stressed, triggers inflammation?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What situations stress the ER?
Obesity
Infection
Inflammation brings about insulin resistance and hyperlipidaemia, which both bring on one another.
What are the long term consequences of
a) insulin resistance
b) hyperlipidaemia?
a) Diabetes
b) Atherosclerosis
Through which three means can obesity be treated?
Lifestyle - diet, exercise, stop smoking and drinking
Drugs
Bariatric surgery
What is a hypocaloric diet?
More calories OUT than IN
Hypocaloric diet are low in ___ and ___.
carbohydrates
fat
What is the only licensed drug for obesity in the UK?
Orlistat (i.e Alli)
Orlistat blocks fat absorption by inhibiting the action of enzymes called ___.
What symptom does this produce?
lipases
steattorhea
What are the two general types of bariatric surgery?
Restrictive (gastric band - reduces stomach capacity)
Malabsorptive (gastric bypass - absorptive part of stomach skipped)
Gastric bypass is an example of ___ bariatric surgery.
Gastric banding is an example of ___ bariatric surgery.
(malabsorptive , restrictive)
Gastric bypass - malabsorptive
Gastric band - restrictive
Evidence shows that, out of lifestyle changes, drugs and surgery, the intervention which causes the best outcome in patients with obesity is ___.
surgery
sadly
People who have had bariatric surgery are more likely to have ___ deficiencies.
Give an example?
micronutrient
Vit B12, which causes anaemia
Patients who have had gastric bypass surgery are prescribed ___ supplements.
vitamin supplements
In terms of metabolism, what falls as weight does?
What is this process called?
Resting metabolic rate
Adaptive thermogenesis
This is why it’s harder to lose weight as you go on
The (higher / lower) your resting metabolic rate, the more difficult it is to lose weight.
lower metabolic rate = harder to lose weight
as energy expenditure is less
The body sees weight loss as a threat to ___.
survival
