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PSY290 Biological Psychology > 2. Anatomy > Flashcards

2. Anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neuraxis?

A

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

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2
Q

What is the midline?

A

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves

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3
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

a directional term referring to structures on the same side of the middle.

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4
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

A directional term referring to structures on opposite sides of the midline.

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5
Q

What does medial mean?

A

A directional term meaning towards the midline

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6
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

A directional term meaning away from the midline

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7
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

A directional term that means closer to centre; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal.

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8
Q

What does distal mean?

A

A directional term meaning farther away from another structure, usually in reference to limbs.

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9
Q

What is the meninges and what is it’s function?

A

The layers of membranes that cover the nervous system. It functions to protect and contain the NS.

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10
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

The outermost of the three layers of meninges

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11
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, pia mater

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12
Q

What is the arachnoid layer?

A

The middle layer of the meninges

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13
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

the innermost layer of the meninges.

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14
Q

What is subarachnoid space and what is it’s function?

A

A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges. This fluid filled cavity suspends the elements of the nervous system in it in order to cushion and protect it.

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15
Q

What is Cerebrospinal fluid and what is it’s function?

A

CSF is a plasma-like fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space. The CSF cushions and protects the parts of the nervous system.

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16
Q

What is a ventricle?

A

One of four hollow spaces in the brain that contain CSF.

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17
Q

What is the choroid plexus and what is it’s function?

A

The choroid plexus is the lining of the ventricles which secretes CSF.

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18
Q

What is the central canal and where is it?

A

The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains CSF.

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19
Q

What is the function and location of the Carotid arteries?

A

One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain.

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20
Q

What is the function and location of the vertebral artery?

A

One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull.

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21
Q

What systems are included in the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

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22
Q

What is the function peripheral nervous system?

A

The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor function for the rest of the body.

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23
Q

What are the subsystems of the peripheral nervous system and what are their function?

A

The somatic nervous system which includes the cranial and spinal nerves which serve sensory and motor function to the rest of the body. And the autonomic nervous system which includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve systems which control fight or flight response and resting and digesting respectively.

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24
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system that coordinates arousal (fight or flight).

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25
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

The division of the autonomic nervous system which is responsible for rest and energy storage. (rest and digest)

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26
Q

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

A

The division of the peripheral nervous system that brings sensory input to the brain and spinal cord and returns commands to the muscles.

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27
Q

Where is the spinal cord located and what is it’s function?

A

A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumbar vertebra. It’s function is to carry information about touch, position, pain and temperature to and from the brain.

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28
Q

What is the vertebral column?

A

The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord.

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29
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and peripheral.

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30
Q

What is the differences between the CNS and PNS (3 points)?

A

The central nervous system is protected by bone and CSF.
The CNS has three layers of membrane but the PNS only has two.
Damage to the CNS is permanent where the PNS can recover.

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31
Q

What are the cervical nerves?

A

first 8 spinal nerves that serve the head neck and arms.

32
Q

What are the thoracic nerves?

A

12 pairs of spinal nerves that serve the torso.

33
Q

What are the lumbar nerves?

A

5 spinal nerves that serve the lower back and legs

34
Q

What are the sacral nerves?

A

5 spinal nerves that serve the back of the legs and the genitals.

35
Q

What is the coccygeal nerve?

A

The most caudal caudal/posterior of the spinal nerves.

36
Q

What is white matter?

A

Any area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons.

37
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Any area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies.

38
Q

What are the dorsal horns?

A

Gray matter in the spinal column that contains sensory neurons

39
Q

What are the ventral horns?

A

Gray matter in the spinal column that contains motor neurons.

40
Q

What is a reflex?

A

An involuntary action or response.

41
Q

What is the patellar reflex?

A

The knee-jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces a reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscles on the thigh causing the foot to kick.

42
Q

What is the withdrawal reflex?

A

A spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from a source of pain.

43
Q

What are the five sections of the spinal cord?

A

CSLTC, Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal

44
Q

What is the spinal area of the lower back called?

A

Lumbar

45
Q

What is the spinal area of the neck called?

A

Cervical

46
Q

What is the spinal area of the chest called?

A

Thoracic

47
Q

What is the second last spinal area that serves the genitals and the back of the legs?

A

Sacral

48
Q

What is the final nerve at the end of the spinal cord?

A

Coccygeal

49
Q

What two bodies of the brain make up the brainstem?

A

hindbrain and the midbrain

50
Q

What are the two sections of the hindbrain?

A

The myelencephalon or medulla and the metencephalon.

51
Q

What structures are located in the metencephalon?

A

The Pons and the Cerebellum.

52
Q

What is the function of the medulla or myencephalon?

A

cranial nerves: serving the head and neck area

Reticular Formation: breathing, heart rate and blood pressure. (often fatal if damaged)

53
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

A collection of nuclei which runs along the midline of the brainstem from the medulla to the midbrain.

54
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

regulation of sleep and arousal.

55
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

form connections between the medulla and the higher brain centres
cochlear nucleus/vestibular nucleus: receive information about sound and position and movement of head to aid in balance.
raphe nucleus/locus coeruleus:sleep.
reticular formation: states of arousal
cranial nerve nuclei: serving the head and neck area

56
Q

What is the location of the pons

A

Rostral to the Medulla

57
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

balance: coordinates voluntary movement, maintaining muscle tone, regulating balance.
motor control: input of the current location of the body and the movements you intend to make.
cognition: subtle cognition and perception.

58
Q

Where is the cerebellum?

A

attached to the dorsal surface of the brainstem caudal to the forebrain.

59
Q

What is the function of the cerebral aqueduct in the brainstem?

A

The cerebral aqueduct is a small channel that is filled with CSF and separates the midbrain into two sections, the tegmentum and the tectum. It connects the third and fourth ventricles.

60
Q

What is the periaqueductul gray?

A

cell bodies that sorround the ceerebral aqueduct in the midbrain.

61
Q

What is the function of the periaqueductul gray?

A

perception of pain
receptors for opiates
electrical stimulation provides relief from pain

62
Q

What are the important structures of the medulla?

A

Reticular Formation

Cranial nerve nuclei

63
Q

What are the important structures of the Pons?

A 
Reticular Formation (continuing)
Cranial nerve nuclei
cochlear nucleus
vestibular nucleus
raphe nucleus
locus coeruleus
64
Q

What are the important structures of the midbrain?

A 
Reticular formation (continuing)
Cranial nerve nuclei
Pariaqueductal gray
red nucleus
substantia nigra
superior colliculi
inferior colliculi
65
Q

What is the function of the Cochlear Nucleus and where is it located?

A

In the Pons. Receives information about sound to be used in balance.

66
Q

What is the function of the vestibular nucleus and where is it located?

A

In the Pons. Receives information about the location and movement of the head from the inner ear to be used in balance.

67
Q

What is the function of the Raphe Nucleus and Where is it located?

A

In the pons. Sleep/Arousal

68
Q

What is the function of the locus coeruleus and where is it located?

A

Pons. Arousal.

69
Q

What is the function of the red nucleus and where is it located?

A

Midbrain. motor communication between the spinal cord and the cerebellum.

70
Q

What is the function of the substantia nigra and where is it located?

A

midbrain. communicates with the basal ganglia. motor control.

71
Q

What is the function of the superior colliculi and where is it located?

A

midbrain. visually guided cues for movement and visual reflexes (pupil dilation)

72
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculi and where is it located?

A

midbrain. auditory information and auditory reflexes (turning head towards sound). localization of sound by comparing sensory information arriving at different times to both ears.

73
Q

What structures are located in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and the hypothalamus

74
Q

What structures are located in the telencephalon?

A

The cerebral hemispheres

75
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus and where is it located?

A

In almost the direct centre of the brain directly superior to the midbrain.
inputs from sensory systems converge and are selectively sent to the cerebral cortex
states of arousal
learning and memory

76
Q

What is the location and function of the hypothalamus?

A

ventral to the thalamus. eating, drinking, sex, biorhythms, temperature control.
Aggression.
controls the autonomic nervous system.

PSY290 Biological Psychology (3 decks)

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