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1b.)AMT Vir/Myco > 2.)AMT Viro/Myco Quick > Flashcards

2.)AMT Viro/Myco Quick Flashcards

1
Q

Virus:
-either dna or rna not both
-obligate intracellular parasite
-no cell wall, no ribosomes, no growth on media

Capsid: Protein coating genome; made of capsomer

Capsomer: structural protein units make up capsid

Nucelocapsid:
-Nucleic acid and capsid

Envelope:
outer membrane around capsid, aids in attachement to host

A

Virion:
mature virus particle with a nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat, w/wout an envelope

Peplomer: spike protein

Bacteriophage, phage:
-virus that infects and replicates in bacteria/archaea
-proteins that encapsulate DNA/RNA, replicate in bacteria after injecting their genome in their cytoplasm

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2
Q

Viral Diseases

Respiratory:
-flu,RSV, parainflu

Gastroenteritis
-noro, rota, adeno

Vesicles/lesions
-HSV, VZV/shingles

Cervical
-HPV

Meningitis
-HSV, entero

Immunocompromised
-CMV, EBV, HSV,

Hepatitis
-HAV, HBV, HCV

HIV

A

Coronavirus

1.)MERs
-arabian, camels
-respiratory failure from contact

SARS
-china, EIA/molecular

SARS-CoV2
-bat, china
-respiratory droplet
nasopharygeal swab
-RNA molecular and antigen assay
-Ab detection

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3
Q

Viral diagnostic

1.)Direct detection:
-electron microscope
-light miscrope for inclusion bodies
-Fluorescent microscope, DFA(ab detects ag)
-PCR/nucleic acid probes
-Antigen/EIA: flu, rsv, rotavirus

2.)Virus isolation
-animal inoculation
-embryonated egg inoculation
-shell vial centrifugation
-in vitro cell culture: CPE
-cytopathic effects
-rounding, swelling, shrinking of cells

3.)Serology
-sera a week apart, 4fold rise in IgG diagnostic of infection
-ELISA: HepB blood donor
-EBV (heterophile, Monospot)
-Hep (ab markers)
-HIV, HTLV

A

Cell culture:
-Primary: from animals, isolates most viruses
-Diploid/finite: can only use one type of cell culture,
-Continuous: malignat/Hep2, HSV, RSV, adeno

Collect: 3 to 7 days w/in onset symp, viral shedding highest in early infection, decreases a few days after acute symptoms

-aspiration of secretions best
-swabs dacron/rayon
-VTM: Hanks balanced salt sln w/antibiotics

4C if not w/in 1 hr

(not blood)
-60C if not w/in 24hrs

tranport on dry ice

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4
Q

What is the most common format for viral isolation?

A

Tube monolayer cell culture is the most common format for viral isolation. Tissue is minced and treated with an enzyme to disperse individual cells further. The cells are seeded onto a surface to form a monolayer in a tube or flask. Leukocyte culture, organ culture and laboratory animals are primarily reserved for specialized and research laboratories.

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5
Q

Three potential viroterrism agents

echo viruses called

A

ebola
small pox
hanta (RNA, rodents)

Enteric cytopathic human orphan virus

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6
Q

Cause of gastroenteritis kids winter

A

Rotavirus

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7
Q

Infection can be reactivated with latent infection with

A

Herpesviridae

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8
Q

two ways to inactivate viruses

A

10% bleach, 3-10min

2% glutaraldehydge, 1-10min

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9
Q

DNA viruses

A

Adeno

HepB
Herpes 1/2

CMV
EBV
VZV

Parvo
Papillo (HPV)
Pox (small pox)

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10
Q

Herpes viruses are RNA or DNA?

name some

A

Herpes: DNA

HSV1/2,6/8

VZV
EBV
CMV

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11
Q

Hepadnavirus

A

Hep B

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12
Q

Papillomavirus

A

HPV

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13
Q

HSV 1 is oral or genital

HSV 2 is oral or genital

A
  1. oral
  2. genital
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14
Q

Common RNA

-Coronavirus
-Orthomyxovirus/flu ABC
-Picornavirus/Rhinovirus: cold

-Calicivirus/Noro: gastroenteritis in US
-Reovirus/Rotavirus gastroenterotis in kids

-Retrovirus: HIV, HTLV

-Hep A

-Paramyxo: Mumps/Measles, RSV kids

-Rhabdo/Rabies

A

…

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15
Q

orthomyxoviruses

A

flu a,b,c

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16
Q

Flavi-viruses

A

Arbovirus, dengue, yellow
WN, St.luis

HCV

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17
Q

Rhabdoviruses

A

Rabies

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18
Q

Retro viruses

A

HIV, HTLV

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19
Q

Reovirus

A

Rotavirus

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20
Q

Paramyxovirus mostly kids, elderly, immunocomp

A

Measures, mumps
Paraflue
RSV
HMPV

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21
Q

PCR
Ligase chain reaction
strand displacement amp all are nucleic acid amplification teq

A

not flow

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22
Q

Lipase chain reaction:
Nucleic acid amplification

A

The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is a method of DNA amplification. The ligase chain reaction (LCR) is an amplification process that differs from PCR in that it involves a thermostable ligase to join two probes or other molecules together which can then be amplified by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) cycling

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23
Q

Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA): Nucleic acid amp

A

Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA) is an isothermal, in vitro nucleic acid amplification technique

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24
Q

Histoplasma, Crypto, Cocci, Blasto, Geotrichum all produce this kind of mycoses

A

systemic

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25
Q

Dermatophytes, Microsporus produces this kind of mycoses

A

cutaneous/skin

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26
Q

Sporotrichum, Chromoblasto make this kind of mycoses

A

subcutaneous

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27
Q

Colorful bodies are found in which fungi

A

Chromoblastomycosis

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28
Q

Fungus of skin/hair/nails seen under woods lamp

A

Dermatoophytes

29
Q

branching, intertwining of molds…

branching hyphae grows downwards from anchor…

A

branching, intertwining of molds…mycelium

branching hyphae grows downwards from anchor…rhizoids

30
Q

asexual stage of yeasts…

Asexual reproductive spore of fungi…

A

asexual stage of yeasts…
blastocondia

Asexual reproductive spore of fungi…conidia

31
Q

3 dermatophytes, cutaneous

A

microsporum
trichophyton
epidermophyton

32
Q

Dermatophyte

macroconidia:
thick walled, multi septate usually in kids

microconidia: few/absent, club

A

Microsporum
Micro, kids, macro

Canis: dog
Anthropophilic: humans

33
Q

Dermatophyte

Microconidia:
predominant

adults

A

Trichophyton
Adults, Only one of three with microconidia

34
Q

Dermatophyte

Macroconidia:
club shaped

Microconidia:
absent

A

Epidermophyton-club macro

35
Q

Fungi in water damaged areas, mycotoxins

A

Stachybotrys

36
Q

Fungi such as Rhizopus/Mucor, nonseptate, lid lifters

A

Mucormycosis

37
Q

Infective form of dimorphic fungi for lab

Best temp, days for mycology

A

hyphal which is the long branching w/nuclei

30C, 30 days

38
Q

Two ingridients used in Mycosel SDA

A

chloram-phenicol
cyclo-heximide

39
Q

BHIA…
For…

A

Brain Heart infused agar for fastidious fungi

40
Q

Germ tube+
Pseudohyphae +
Chlamydospores on cornmeal
thrush

A

Candida albicans

41
Q

Lung to brain, meningitis, systemic, capsule/mucoid
bird/bat droppings

Urea and birdseed agar used for

A

C.neoformans

42
Q

Trichoophyton that is ureas po and penetrates hair shaft

A

T.mentagrophyte

43
Q

Trichophyton that makes red pigment on dermatophyte medium

A

T. Rubrum

R=red

44
Q

Sclerotic bodies, subcutaneous
Colored

A

Chromoblastomycosis

45
Q

Systemic mycoses, true yeast
India ink prep, serology of CSF, HIV
wide refractive capsule

A

Cryto. neo

46
Q

Three fungi with yeast in tissue phase of humans

A

H.capsulatum
(blastospores, intracellular in phagocytes, tissue)

B.dermatitidis (Broad based)
-B for broad based

Coccidiodies immits
(thick walled spherule with endospores in tissue, keeps them alive in desert)

47
Q

dimorphic, intracellular mononuclear cells

yeast tissue phase
yeast blastospores

*Mycelial: thick walled tuberculate macrocondia

Darlings disease
Chix house,pidgeou coup

A

H.capsulatum

Capsulatum is a darling, she’s tuberculate w/chlamydospores and lives in phagocytes

48
Q

Yeast with thick walled spherule with endospores in tissue

Mycelial: Barrelshaped arthroconidia with alternating or spaces

Valley fever

A

Coccidioides immitis

49
Q

Dimorphic,

Yeast: cigar shaped
(tissue phase) at 37C,

Mold:
flower, rosette heads
Roses

Rose handlers disease, subcutaneous

A

S.schenkii

Schenckii the rose gardener smokes cigars while growing flowers of conidia

50
Q

dimorphic, broad based yeast, yeat in tissue

gilchrist disease
inhale conida/hyphal soil,wood,waterways

conidia at tips (lolipops)

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

Gilchrist the farmer has dermatitidis and eats lollipops with broad yeast

51
Q

Latin american agriculture
Mariners wheel

dimorphic
Yeast mother surrounded by daughter buds
mycelial: lolipops

No NAT

A

Paracoccidioides
brasiliensis

There’s lollipop mold and mariners wheels in brasil

52
Q

San Jouqin valley fever, hot dry alkaline soil

lab hazard, inhale arthroconida

Yeast thick wall spherules endospores

Mycelial barrel shape arthroconida/empty spaces

sealed plates BSC 3
NAT

A

Coccidioides immitis

Cocci immitis lives in the valley where there’s barrels w/spaces and spheres with endospores

53
Q

ascospores

A

sexual propagules of ascomycetes

54
Q

blastoconidia

A

Yeast: asexual reproduction (budding)

55
Q

arthroconidia

A

fungal spore produced by segmentation of preexisting fungal hyphae

56
Q

chlamydospores

A

thick walled large resting spore, asexual

57
Q

Name of yeast for Tinea versicolor
Bottle shaped budding

A

Malassezia furfur

58
Q

Opportunistic infection in AIDs, can’t be cultured

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci

59
Q

Two lid lifters, lab contaminant, zygomycetes

A

Rhizopus
Mucor

60
Q

Farmers lung, Hyaline

A

aspergillus

61
Q

Fonsecaea and phialophora are two types of

A

Chromoblastomycosis

62
Q

Dematophytes: skin, etc

Epidermophyton-club macro

Trichophyton
Adults, Only one of three with microconidia

Microsporum
kids, macro

A
63
Q

Where does the fungal infection Onychomycosis occur?

a.
Blood

b.
Hair

c.
Nails

d.
Skin

A

Nails

Onychomycosis, which is infection of the nails, is most often caused by dermatophytes but also may be the result of infection by other fungi. Superficial.

Other superficial…
Ringworm (dermatophytosis). A group of fungi that live off of skin, hair and nail

Candidiasis. Candida (usually Candida albicans) causes skin and mucous membrane (mucocutaneous) infections

Tinea versicolor/pityriasis versicolor. The fungus Malassezia causes skin discoloration

64
Q

What fungi can generally be divided into two broad groups based on the appearance of the colonies formed in the clinical laboratory?
Question 182Answer

a.
Cutaneous and subcutaneous

b.
Septate hyphae and aseptate hyphae

c.
Systemic and superficial

d.
Yeast and mold

A

Yeast and molds are the two groups’ fungi and are separated into based on colonies formed. Fungi can be further divided based on the infections produced and microscopic appearance. Yeasts form a smooth, creamy, bacteria-like colony. Molds have a fuzzy or woolly appearance due to formation of mycelia.

Cutaneous/subcutaneious/systemic/superficial are all mycoses

65
Q

What test depends on Candida albicans being able to produce hyphae-like extensions from their yeast cells when placed in 0.5 mL of sheep or rabbit serum and incubated at 35 °C for no longer than three hours?

A

Examine under low power magnification. This allows an early identification of the most common and important yeast pathogen. Time of incubation is critical since other species produce a similar looking tubule with extended incubation.

66
Q

Why are systemic mycoses historically grouped together?

a.
They are opportunistic and primarily occur in immunocompromised patients, such as HIV

b.
They are present in the keratinized tissue of humans and animals; identified as dermatophytes

c.
They occur in patients from the same geographic area

d.
They are shared characteristics, such as mode of transmission, dimorphism, and dissemination

A

They are shared characteristics, such as mode of transmission, dimorphism, and dissemination

Systemic mycoses are mostly caused by inhalation of the conidia, are dimorphic (able to grow in the mold form or in the lab in their yeast form) and disseminate to sites far removed from the portal of entry in a patient.

67
Q

Where are KOH solutions of 10 – 20% useful for the identification of fungi?

a.
Blood and body fluids

b.
Cerebrospinal fluid

c.
Feces, vomit, and saliva

d.
Skin, hair, and nails

A

Skin, hair, and nails are useful for the identification of fungi. Thin slices of tissue and mucoid specimens may be treated with a solution KOH to break down the proteinaceous material while leaving the fungal elements intact for identification.

68
Q

Basic Mycology

Mycology
-study of fungi(yeasts and molds)
-many immunosuppressed get infections inhalation or tissue trama
-Similar to mammalian, eukaryotic: true nucleus, membrane etc
-enriched by decaying nitrogenous
-C.albincans is most common, NF of GI

Two groups based off macroscopic:

-Yeast:
one celled, budding, moist/opaque; pseudohyphae w/constrictions

-Mold: hyphae that grow into a mass of mycelia, fluffy;
main body is vegatative/active growth; asexual spores in aerial hyphae

A

Mycoses
-fungal infections

-Superficial:
outermost skin/hair

-Subcutaneous:
deeper layers of skin, muscle, connective tissue, ulcers

-Cutaneous:
keratinized layer of skin,hair,nails, ringworm

-Systemic:
lungs, disseminate internal organs/tissues; comes from lungs can go into blood(fungemia,C.albicans)

69
Q

Collection
-Can be any tissue of BF
-hair,skin, nails
-urine, blood
-bone marrow, tissue
-BF, CSF
-use antibiotics

Direct examination
-Gram stain detects most
-gram positive, purple/blue/black, budding

KOH Prep
-skin,hair,nails, tissue
-10% KOH clears to help visualize fungi,dissolves keratin and cells
-1 drop specimen mixed with 1 drop KOH, coverglass
-low power
-If vicouse incubate overnight in wetmt in humidity
-If cloudy, warm

KOH w/Calcofluor White
-fluorescent dye, bright apple green or bluewhite

A

India Ink
-1 drop to CSF sediment, high power
-negative stain, C.neo budding yeast will have a halo, large clear area against dark back
-Crytococcal ag more sensitive

Acid fast
-mycobacteria and Nocardia
-diff Nocardia from actinomycetes
-Nocardia gram pos bacilli branching filamentious forms
-Mycetomas/subcutaneous, lung

Culture
-cultured without cycloheximide
-Mold in class 2 BSA due to aersol, yeast ok on bench
-Sabouraud dextrose agar(cycloheximide, chloraamphenicol)
-SAB w/brain heart, SABHI
-30C, 4-6 weeks, examined weekly/biweekly
-first determine yeast or mold
-direct mount microscopically

Screens
-Urea agar: C.neo

-Germ tube:
C.albicans, germ tubes are beginning of true hyphae and made by C.albicans; sheep/rabit serum plus yeast at 35C not more 3hrs, low power; no constrictions

1b.)AMT Vir/Myco (1 decks)

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