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geography > 2-A Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

2-A Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an urban area?

A

cities / towns

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2
Q

What is a rural area?

A

countryside / villages

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3
Q

Define a pull factor and give an example

A

something that makes you go to an area (positive reasons)
e.g better education

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4
Q

Define a push factor and give an example

A

something that makes you leave an area (negative reasons)
e.g lack of healthcare

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5
Q

Define a megacity

A

urban area with a population more than 10 million

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6
Q

Define urban change

A

umbrella term for any change in an urban area

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7
Q

Define natural increase

A

when the birth rate exceeds the death rate so the population increases

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8
Q

Define rural - urban migration

A

people moving from the countryside to cities

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9
Q

What are the 2 main causes of urbanisation?

A
  • rural to urban migration
  • natural increase
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10
Q

Define urban sprawl

A

process where urban areas increase in size/population

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11
Q

Define urbanisation

A

an increase in proportion of people living in towns/cities

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12
Q

What is the location of Rio?

A
  • in Brazil, South America
  • to the south of Brasília (Brazil’s capital)
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13
Q

What is the regional importance of Rio?

A
  • provides schools, universities and hospitals
  • opportunities for employment and recreation
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14
Q

What is the national importance of Rio?

A
  • headquarters for mining and oil companies located there
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15
Q

What is the international importance of Rio?

A
  • hosted 2016 Olympics
  • hosted 2014 World Cup
  • tourism - Christ the Redeemer
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16
Q

Why does natural increase happen more in urban areas?

A
  • young people (18-35) move to cities and have children
  • better healthcare and clean water means people live longer
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17
Q

How is rapid urbanisation linked to rapid economic development?

A

more jobs in the formal economy are being filled because of the higher population so more taxes are being paid

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18
Q

What is the trend of urban change in LICs/NEEs?

A

urbanisation rate is speeding up - more people moving to urban areas

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19
Q

What is the trend of urban change in HICs?

A

rate of urbanisation is slowing because most (80%) people have already moved to urban areas

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20
Q

What is the global trend of megacities?

A

increasing rapidly
- 2015 = 28 megacities
- 2050 = 50 megacities (predicted)

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21
Q

Define the formal economy

A

a legal job where you would pay taxes

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22
Q

Define the informal economy

A

an illegal job where you don’t pay taxes

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23
Q

Explain the 2 main causes of urban growth in Rio

A

rural to urban migration:
- population increase due to opportunities
- development means migration from abroad too
natural increase:
- more migration means youthful population
- means high birth rate and low death rate

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24
Q

What are social opportunities in Rio (created by urban growth)?

A
  • good access to healthcare (105 hospitals)
  • lots of schools and unis (95% people above 10 are literate)
  • good access to water
  • power supply is reliable
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25
Q

What are economic opportunities in Rio (created by urban growth)?

A
  • lots of employment opportunities (5 ports)
  • leads to improvements in services, roads and transport
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26
Q

What are some challenges in Rio (created by urban growth)?

A
  • slums (22% live in favelas)
  • energy (power cuts are common - illegal tapping into grid is dangerous)
  • waste isn’t collected regularly
  • air pollution from traffic and industry
27
Q

What is the Favela Bairro project?

A

project in Rio de Janiero to upgrade favelas

28
Q

What were the aims of the Favela Bairro project?

A
  • materials provided so residents can improve their own home
  • installing clean water, electricity, roads etc.
  • schools + health centres built along a cable car (to transport workers to work)
29
Q

What are some successes of the Favela Bairro project?

A
  • number of local businesses has doubled in Favelas
  • school attendance increased
  • income has increased by about 15%
30
Q

What are some failures of the Favela Bairro project?

A
  • very expensive and can’t cover every Favela
  • teachers lack the skills to teach
  • residents lack the skills and resources to repair damages
31
Q

What is the general distribution of the population in the UK?

A
  • higher population density in the south-east
  • lower population in the north - west
32
Q

Where is Leeds located in the UK?

A
  • in West Yorkshire in England
  • on the River Aire
33
Q

What is the regional importance of Leeds?

A
  • businesses like ASDA (headquarters) provide jobs
  • the 4 universities in Leeds provide education
34
Q

What is the national importance of Leeds?

A
  • 30 national and international banks (including HSBC)
  • national events are hosted at the First Direct Arena
35
Q

What is the international importance of Leeds?

A
  • hosts international events e.g the World Triathlon Series
  • Leeds Bradford Airport provides international transport links
36
Q

Define national migration

A

movement of people within the borders of a single country

37
Q

Define international migration

A

movement of people across national borders

38
Q

Name 3 impacts of migration in Leeds

A
  • more diverse culture
  • urban development
  • changed the economic landscape
39
Q

Describe the positive and negative effects of the more diverse culture in Leeds

A

+ events/ festivals e.g Leeds West Indian carnival
+ more cuisine and restaurants

  • can lead to isolated communities - e.g Chapeltown riots were driven by racial tension
40
Q

Describe the positive and negative effects of urban development in Leeds

A

+ urban development projects e.g Aire Park

  • loss of historical landmarks e.g the Brunswick Building was demolished to build the First Direct Arena
41
Q

Describe the positive and negative effects of the change in the economic landscape of Leeds

A

+ increased consumer spending

  • competition for housing leads to rising property prices e.g Chapel Allerton
  • strain on public services
42
Q

Define urban change

A

when the character, size or population density of a city changes

43
Q

What are some social opportunities in Leeds?

A
  • First Direct Arena attracts world famous artists
  • Trinity Shopping Centre attracts shoppers (new indoor developments)
  • has a vibrant nightlife - 44% of population is younger than 30
44
Q

What are some economic opportunities in Leeds?

A
  • has 30 banks - national and international
  • 3rd largest manufacturing centre - employs 39 000 people
45
Q

Define an integrated transport system

A

when different types of transport connect together e.g bus stations near train stations

46
Q

What are Leeds plans for integrated transport systems?

A
  • provide a dedicated busway which excludes other road users
  • Leeds Bradford cycle superhighway is a 14km cycle route - it runs from Leeds city centre to Bradford city centre
47
Q

Define urban greening

A

increasing green space like public parks in urban areas

48
Q

How has Leeds implemented urban greening?

A
  • home to many green spaces e.g Roundhay Park
  • it is one of the largest city parks in Europe and attracts 1 million visitors a year
49
Q

Define urban deprivation

A

a standard of living below that of the majority in a country, that involves hardships and lack of access to resources

50
Q

Describe some challenges in Leeds caused by urban change

A
  • housing - average price in Leeds (£250 000) is higher than UK average (£217 000)
  • employment - areas with deprivation often have higher unemployment rates
  • health - 10 year life expectancy difference between areas in Leeds
  • education - poorer areas get worse exam results on average
51
Q

Name the 2 areas we studied in Leeds

A
  • Moorley (rich area)
  • Burmantofts (poor area)
52
Q

Define dereliction

A

abandoned buildings and wasteland

53
Q

Define a greenfield site

A

land that has not been built on before - often on the edge of a city

54
Q

Define a brownfield site

A

land that has been built on and is now derelict - often found in cities

55
Q

What is the urban regeneration project in Leeds that we studied?

A

Leeds South Bank Regeneration Project

56
Q

Why does south bank need regenerating?

A
  • in 1970s-80s, de-industrialisation occurred and left behind a derelict brownfield site
57
Q

What are some features of the South Bank Regeneration Project?

A
  • costs £500 million
  • will double the size of Leeds city centre
  • build 8000 new homes
  • build bridges to reconnect communities north and south of the river
  • improve public transport
58
Q

What is the sustainable urban living example we studied?

A

Leeds Climate Innovation District

59
Q

Describe how the Climate Innovation District conserved water

A
  • rainwater collected and recycled
60
Q

Describe how the Climate Innovation District conserved energy

A
  • 100% renewable energy
  • large windows so fewer lights needed
  • homes are well insulated
61
Q

Describe how the Climate Innovation District recycled waste

A
  • waste sent to the Recycling and Energy Recovery Facility in Leeds
62
Q

Describe how the Climate Innovation District creates green space

A
  • has a “secret garden” with 25 000 square feet of green space
  • spaces to grow herbs and vegetables
63
Q

Describe how the Climate Innovation District reduces car usage

A
  • the district has car free streets to encourage walking, cycling and public transport

geography (7 decks)

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