2 - A&P Flashcards
Kidneys and ureters location
Retroperitoneal structures located between T11 and L 3
R = 2cm lower than L
Layers of the kidney?
Renal fascia
Adipose capsule
Renal capsule
Kidney internal structures?
Renal cortex Renal colums Renal medulla Renal pyramids Renal papillae Calyces Renal pelvis
What is the functional tissue of the kidneys?
Renal parenchyma
Kidney pic
Slide 8
Renal blood flow
Abdominal artery - segmental arteries - interlobar a. -> arcuate a. -> interlobular a. -> afferent arterioles (toward nephrons) -> glomerulus
Efferent arterioles (away from nephrons) -> peritubular capillaries -> interlobular v. -> arcuate v. -> interlobar v -> segmental veins -> renal veins -> IVC
Slide 11 pic
Afferent vs efferent
Afferent approaches
Efferent exits
Where do kidney nerves arise?
Superior mesenteric ganglion -> hilum
What do sympathetic fibers do?
Regulate blood flow
-This filtrates blood and forms urine
RAAS system
Nephron consists of?
Renal corpuscle (glomerulus + bowman’s capsule)
Renal tubules
Slide 14/15 pic
Renal tubules consist of
PCT
Loop of henly
DCT
- becomes the juxtaglomerular apparatus
DCT drains into collecting duct
Kidneys role in urinary system
Functional organs of the urinary system
The other parts are just passage ways and storage
Main functions of kidney?
- Regulate blood ionic composition
- electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Cl, po4) (or whatever phosphate is, jeeze john) - Regulate pH
- excretion of H ions into urine
- conserving bicarb - Regulation of blood volume
- ADH or vasopressin - BP regulation
- juxtaglomerular cells - renin activates the RAA pathway - Maintenance of blood osmolarity
- regulating water excretion/loss - Production of hormones
- calcitriol, erythropoietin - Regulation of blood glucose levels
- renal gluconeogeneis - Excretion of waste and foreign substances
- ecogenous substances (drugs)
- Endogenous substances
Where is renin produced?
Juxtaglomerular (JG) cells
Where is angiotensinogen produced?
Liver
Where is angiotensin I produced
Renin acts on angiotensinogen converting it into angiotensin I
Angiotensin II
Converted in blood from angiotensin i by ACE
Where does aldosterone come from?
Adrenal cortex
RAA pic
Slide 24
Renal gluconeogenesis
Renal release of glucose into the blood to help maintain blood glucose level
Exogenous vs endogenous substances?
Exogenous - toxins and drugs
Endogenous
- amonia and urea (amino acids)
- bilirubin and hemoglobin catabolism
- creatinine (breakdown of creatine phoshate in muscle)
- uric acid from nucleic acid catabolism
Explain glomerular filtration?
Basically blood flows into glomerulus, plasma comes out, solids stay in
Components of filtration membrane?
Glomerular endothelial fenestrations (pores) - allow proteins out but not cells/platelets
Basal lamina - small and med proteins out
Slit membrane - only very small proteins
Pic 32
Glomular filtration fraction?
Ratio of fluid from blood that becomes glomular filtrate
-20% of total fluid that reaches kidneys enters the capsular space
1-1.2L/min
140-180 L/day
Pressures that determine GFR
GBHP - Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
- 55mmHg - promotes filtration of wastes
CHP - capsular hydrostatic pressure
-15mmHg - opposes filtration
BCOP - blood colloid osmotic pressure
- 30mmHg - opposes filtration
Pic slide 35q
Normal net filtration pressure?
10mmHg
Urine production steps?
- Glomular filtration
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
Tubular reabsorption?
Tubule cells reabsorb 90% of fltrate
Water and useful solutes (glucose, electrolytes, proteins etc) get kept
Tubular secretion?
Tubule and duct cells secrete waste, drugs and excess ions into fluid
1-1.5L of urine/day
Urine composition?
95% water
5% electrolytes, solues, exogenous substances
Factors affecting urine volume/production
fluid intake – blood pressure – blood osmolality (measure of osmoles of solute per kg of
solvent) – diet – body temperature – diuretics/medications – mental state – general health
Location of bladder?
Posterior to pubic symphysis,
anterior to rectum in males,
anterior to vagina in females
Held in place by periotoneal folds
Bladder wall?
3 layers Mucosa - rugae, - transitional epithelium - lamina propria
Muscularis (detrusor mucle)
- inter longitudinal
- middle cirucular
- outer longitudinal
Serosa - covers superior surface - visceral peritoneum Or adventitia - covers posterior and inferior surfaces - continuous w ureters
I just went on a very strict renal friendly diet.
There are only three things you can’t put in your mouth- a fork, knife and spoon.
