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Question 1

Define Catchability

Answer 1

the rate at which the trap catches animals which is the slope

Question 2

Data required for Leslie plot

Answer 2

Catch data and effort to calculate CPUE. accumulated catch

Question 3

What baggage comes with a Leslie plot?

Answer 3

On top of the assumptions of a leslie plot, it is a parametric test so it comes with the parametric assumptions

Question 4

Leslie assumptions

Answer 4

1. closed population
2. all animals have the same probability of being caught
3. all animals can be harvested to the point of extinction

Question 5

parametric assumptions

Answer 5

1. random sampling
2. independence
3. homoscedasticity
4. normal distribution
5. no bias

Question 6

problems with aerial survey

Answer 6

it uses relative density to estimate the population density which consistently over and under estimates

Question 7

Factors that contribute to relative density

Answer 7

1. counting error - observer over counts some samples and under counts other. cancel each other out.
   counting bias: observer consistently under counts and bias increases when there are lots of animals and must be counted quickly
   low precision: can be improved with stratification and high replication

Question 8

types of aerial surveys

Answer 8

transect, quadrat, and block

Question 9

transect sampling

Answer 9

perpendicular lines to a baseline are flown with one pass per transect

Question 10

quadrat sampling

Answer 10

the census area has a grid superimposed onto it and quadrats are randomly chosen. incomplete quadrats cannot be chosen.

Question 11

block sampling

Answer 11

blocks are defined the topographic features and then randomly chosen.

Question 12

what is 2R(sum)xz used for?

Answer 12

it is used to lower the variance. z is the area of the transect multiplied by the # of animals on the transect.

Question 13

Interpret 2R(sum)xz

Answer 13

if you add more transect lines (z) and there are zero animals in these lines then the variance will remain high. if there are a large number of animals on the transects then the variance will come down

Question 14

what does summing the inverse of sighting distances do?

Answer 14

by taking the inverse of the sighting distances; it will cause the longer (less accurate) distance to be less of an influence, while the shorter (more accurate) distances to have more of an influence and can lower the overall variance

Question 15

assumptions of the haynes estimator of density

Answer 15

1. all animals directly on the transect line are seen
2. all animals are fixed at the initial sighting position and are not counted twice
3. distances and angles are measured exactly
4. sighting of individuals are independent events
5. critical assumption: the average sighting angle is 32.7

Question 16

state the Ho and what is the critical assumption used for?

Answer 16

Ho: the average sighting angle is no different than 32.7. reject if outside +1.96 and -1.96. We use the critical assumption to decide whether or not the haynes estimator is a appropriate estimator

Question 17

What is f hat?

Answer 17

it is the estimated population density function for the detection of an animal. It is the perpendicular distance from the transect line

Question 18

what is g hat?

Answer 18

it is the probability of detection function for the detection of an animal. i.e seeing animal directly on the transect line

Question 19

what is the edge effect?

Answer 19

the more edges there are the more decisions must be made to whether an organism is inside or out of the quadrat

Question 20

which order does the shape of the quadrat go?

Answer 20

circle>square>rectangle

Question 21

what does nested quadrat sampling do that is so important?

Answer 21

it takes into account the ecological scale of the organism/habitat in order to determine the minimal sample area size

Question 22

defined quadrat sizes

Answer 22

trees - 10x20
shrubs - 5x5
herbs - 1x1
lichens and moses - 0.1x0.1

Question 23

how does the nested quadrat system work with the sample area curve?

Answer 23

it determines the minimum area of a quadrat by starting out with the smallest size quadrat and counting the organisms then doubling the size until no more new organisms are found. this is when the sample are curve plateaus

Question 24

what problem can occur with the nested quadrat sampling?

Answer 24

if a species is counted only in the first quadrat and nowhere else

Question 25

reccomendations for quadrat sampling

Answer 25

1. check the defined quadrat sizes for the organism under study
2. take lots of samples keeping in mind the sample size and shape
3. use circular quadrats
4. use rectangle quadrats in patchy environments to avoid empty quadrats

Question 26

what will happen if in a patchy environment an empty quadrat occurs due to wrong quadrat size?

Answer 26

the variance will increase so always use rectangle quadrats

Question 27

what is the equation to get (I) to determine the spatial pattern

Answer 27

I = observed variance / observed mean

Question 28

what are the spatial patterns

Answer 28

1. random (i = 1) this never happens
2. uniform (i < 1)
   aggregated (i > 1)

Question 29

what is an ANOVA

Answer 29

it is a parametric test of the difference between two or more population means

Question 30

what is a variable (response)?

Answer 30

the thing that is being measured (dependent)

Question 31

what is a factor?

Answer 31

the effect that is under study (independent)

Question 32

what is a level?

Answer 32

different treatments within the factors

Question 33

types of ANOVA’s

Answer 33

1. Univariate - one variable (response)
   - one-way (one factor)
   - multi-way (two or three factor)
2. multivariate - two or more variables under study

Question 34

what does a tukey plot show?

Answer 34

it shows the pairwise relationship between the means of observations. pairs the lie directly on zero are the most similar

Question 35

what do the regression coefficients do?

Answer 35

they use t–tests to determine whether there is a relationship between the predictor and the response

Question 36

what are the regression coefficients?

Answer 36

intercept and slope

Question 37

what is the Ho for both?

Answer 37

intercept- Ho: the intercept is no different than 0

slope-Ho: the slope is no different than 0