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Enviro.Sci - Miss Walker > 2/3: The biosphere + Conservation > Flashcards

2/3: The biosphere + Conservation Flashcards

1
Q

What are abiotic components?

A

Non- living components of the environment which affect the organisms which live there.

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2
Q

What are the biotic components?

A

Any living thing which affects other organisms

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3
Q

What is the range of tolerance?

A

The range of abiotic factors that an animal can survive in

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4
Q

What are the 5 common abiotic factors?

A
  • Ph
  • light
  • temperature
  • oxygen
  • precipitation
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5
Q

How can Ph affect some organisms?

A
  • affects soil type, meaning some plants cant grow
  • The calcium shell of crustaceans like crabs dissolve in acidic water, which means they will be more vulnerable to predators.
  • can denature enzymes
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6
Q

Why would you use a transect line when gathering data?

A

Line transects are used when you wish to illustrate a particular gradient or linear pattern along which communities of plants and, or animals change. They provide a good way of being able to clearly visualise the changes taking place along the line.

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7
Q

What is the DAFOR scale?

A 
Dominant
Abundant 
Frequent
Occasional
Rare
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8
Q

What are one advantage and disadvantage of the DAFOR scale?

A

+ Easy and quick to use and interpret

- Is left to perspective making it unaccurate

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9
Q

What is the difference between species richness and species diversity?

A

Species richness: The number of different species in an area

Species diversity: Also takes into account the population of each species

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10
Q

What are the direct and indirect methods of analysing animals?

A

Direct methods: capturing the animals directly

Indirect Methods: Looking for evidence of the animals

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11
Q

what is random sampling?

A

When each sample has an equal chance of being picked,

This can be done by using a table of random numbers to plot coordinates

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12
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

When samples are picked using an ordered method such as taking quadrant readings every 5 m

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13
Q

What is stratified random sampling?

A

Used when a study area has clear sub areas with individual characteristics which may be necessary to study individually as they could be missed through pure random samples

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14
Q

What is biotic potential?

A

An animals natural reproductive potential.

Organism which produce lots of offspring have high biotic potential, such as frogs.

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15
Q

What factors control population of a species

A
  • births
  • deaths
  • immigration/emigration
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16
Q

What factors affect birth rate?

A
  • temperature (affects egg hatching)
  • increased number of predators might kill eggs
  • availability of food/nutrients
  • biotic potential
  • competition
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17
Q

What factors affect the amount deaths?

A
  • number of predators
  • likelihood of natural disasters
  • food supply/droughts
  • competition

(Check mortality rules and distasteful rule)

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18
Q

What is the difference between density dependent factors and density independent factors?

A

Density dependent: factors which which level of effect depend on the population density (e.g. limited food supply has more of an effect when there is a larger population)

Density independent: factors which level of effect are NOT determined by the population density (e.g. a volcanic eruption may have the same effect on a population wether or not it has a high or low population density)

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19
Q

What are some examples of density dependent factors?

A
  • food supply
  • disease
  • competition
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20
Q

What are some examples of density independent factors?

A
  • flood
  • volcanic eruption
  • hurricane
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21
Q

What is an areas carrying capacity?

A

The maximum population size that can be supported indefinitely without damaging or over exploiting the environment

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22
Q

What is the difference between R-selected species and K-selected species?

A

R-selected species: reproduce quickly, have a high biotic potential and usually follows the J-shaped population curve

K-selected species: slower reproduction, low biotic potential and usually follow the sigmoidal population curve.

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23
Q

What is the sigmoidal curve?

A

A population graph which shows how some species increase in population (lag to log phase), then begin to slow as they reach the carrying capacity (environmental resistance) and then as they overtake the carrying capacity, begin to fall below the line, which creates an oscillating line above and below the carrying capacity.

Lag phase -> log phase -> environmental resistance

(Usually followed by k-selected species)

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24
Q

What is homeostatic control?

A

The controlling factors which keep a level such as population within a precise, almost constant zone.

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25
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When mechanisms work towards reversing a change.

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26
Q

What is the j-shaped population curve?

A

When species increase in population quickly until they pass their carrying capacity and then quickly decrease in population size.
For example, during eutrification when an algae bloom occurs.

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27
Q

What is succession?

Check for repetition

A

The change in the species populating an area over time

When a species colonies and area it will change a habitat in such a way that other species find it more habitable, which could not have survived before.

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28
Q

What is primary succession?

A

Succession which occurs in a newly created habitat which previously was uninhabited. E.g. new volcanic land or a new pond

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29
Q

What are seres?

A

The stages in the sequence of events during a succession.

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30
Q

What is a hydrosere?

A

When the succession starts in water.

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31
Q

What is the lithosere?

A

When the succession starts on bare rock

32
Q

What is the psammosere?

A

When the succession starts on sand.

33
Q

How does succession occur?

A

1) Primary colonisers (pioneer community) which are adapted to the extreme biotic conditions begin to colonise an area.
2) over time, the primary colonisers will change the habitat enough to allow secondary colonisers to out-compete the primary colonisers
3) the abiotic conditions become less extreme and more inter species relationships form, until the final community develops.

34
Q

What are the main changes which occur during succession?

A

Temperature extreme: high to low
Nutrients availability: low to high
Main pollination method: wind to insect
Level of biodiversity and biomass: low to high

35
Q

When do we use a transect?

A

When the is an environmental gradient, meaning a factor changes along the transect

36
Q

What is deflected succession?

A

When a succession has been stopped on purpose e.g. clearing a pond to stop it developing into woodland

37
Q

What is the plagioclimax?

A

A climax community which has been affected by humans e.g. only a climax community due to deflected succession.

38
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

When succession has started again, but not completely from scratch. E.g. forest recovering from a forest fire or once deflected succession has finished.

39
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The total number of different genes present in all individuals in a populations of a species

40
Q

Three reasons why plants rely on animals?

A
  • seed dispersal
  • atmospheric regulation (carbon dioxide)
  • pollination
41
Q

Three reasons why animals rely on plants

A
  • food source/nutrients
  • atmospheric regulation (oxygen)
  • as a habitat to reduce affect the of abiotic factors
42
Q

What is the ICUN and what is their job?

A

international union for the conservation of nature
Aims:
-Coordinate global data on biodiversity conservation
-Increase our understanding of the importance behind conservation
-Deploying nature-based solutions to global challenges in climate, food and stability.

43
Q

How do you calculate the change in population?

A

(Change in popultion/intial population) x 100

44
Q

What are an endemic species?

A

A species/taxon that exists in only one geographical location
e.g. a Bengal tiger is endemic to Bengal.

45
Q

What is a keystone species?

A

AN organism that helps define and support an ecosystem, and would have large knock-on effects to the ecosystem and food chain if made extinct.

46
Q

What is a monoculture?

A

An area where only one species lives

47
Q

What issues are there for breeding animals in captivity?

A
  • specific requirements (food, breeding displays, habitat needs)
  • small gene pool, less variation, increased genetic disease
  • hybridisation
  • triggers/signals required to prompt them to mate
48
Q

What issues are there for keeping animals in captivity?

A
  • Large area requirement
  • specific food requirement
  • complicated species interactions
  • expensive
49
Q

What is cryopreservation?

A

When sperm is slowly frozen to be able to be stored and transported to other enclosures to bypass mating.

50
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

When sperm is inserted into the female.

51
Q

What is IVF?

A

Fertilising eggs in a petri dish

52
Q

What is embryo transfer?

A

putting the embryo made through IVF into the female.

53
Q

What are the positives and issues with cryopreservation?

A

+allows sperm to be easily transported
+relieves all the problems of mating
+can be stored for long periods of time

  • can damage the cells if frozen too quickly
  • ethical/moral/religious concerns
  • doesn’t guarantee pregnancy
54
Q

What conditions are there when choosing a release site for animals in captivity?

A
  • Large enough habitat
  • Need a suitable food supply
  • Requires a low predation risk
  • requires a suitable breeding site
  • is there suitable water availability
  • does the original threat still exist
55
Q

What problems are there with releasing animals bred in captivity?

A
  • Lack of hunting skills
  • lack of immunity to local diseases
  • inability to recognise food/predators
  • inability to recognise poisonous food
  • difficulty integrating into social groups and establishing territories
56
Q

What is the difference between a hard and soft release?

A

Hard: When an animal is released into the wild with no support

Soft: when the animals have a small aount of support such as being tagged or released into enclosures first.

57
Q

What is maximum sustainable yield?

A

It is the maximum yield or catch (in numbers or mass) that can be sustainably removed from a population (or stock) over an indefinite period without harming the population.

58
Q

What is a climax community?

A

The final stage of biotic succession attainable by a plant community in an area under the environmental conditions present at a particular time

59
Q

What is a plagioclimax?

A

The climax community as result of deflected succession.

60
Q

What is micro propagation?

A

The process of cloning plants by growing cuttings/plantlets.

61
Q

What are EDGE Species?

A

Distinctive species the have few closely related species, and EDGE species are often the only surviving member of their genus or even higher taxonomic rank. The extinction of such species would therefore represent a disproportionate loss of unique evolutionary history, biodiversity and potential for future evolution.

Evolutionary distinct & globally endangered.

62
Q

What are flagship species?

A

A flagship species is a species whose profile is raised to leverage more support for biodiversity conservation. The giant panda is an example of a flagship species

63
Q

What is the lincoln index?

A

It is a method used for calculating the population size of any moving animal.

1) Collect a sample of animals
2) mark/tag the animals
3) Release them back into the habitat
4) Recapture a 2nd sample
5) In the second sample, record how many were also in the first sample

64
Q

What assumputions are made when calculation the lincoln index?

A
  • Individuals are mobile and can be caught
  • The size of the population does not change during the time of study
  • being marked does not affect survival rate
  • the marks do not fall/wear off
  • all individuals have an equal chance of being caught
65
Q

What is species?

A

A group of organisms that resemble each other and can nauturally produce fertile offspring.

66
Q

WHat is a population?

A

The number of all the organisms in a species in a particular ares

67
Q

What is a community?

A

Populations of all the species in a particular area

68
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

All the biotic and abiotic things in an area including their interspecies relationships.

69
Q

What is a biome?

A

A large geographical region with similar climatic features in which a unique community lives.

70
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The part of the planet that is inhibited by living organisms

71
Q

What is a niche?

A

The role a species plays in a habitat, e.g. the way organisms gets and uses food and water.

72
Q

What is a taxonomy?

A

The study of how organims can be grouped.

73
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organism which get there food from others, and cant make their own.

74
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms which make their own food.

75
Q

what is symbiotic nutrition?

A

Organisms which have evolved to assist each other with nutrition.
(cows and stomach bacteria to break down grass)

76
Q

Why would an isolated, smaller area of woodland lead to lower biodiversity?

A
  • Smaller area increases edge effects
  • Edge effects increase/harshens abiotic conditions such as light or wind
  • Loss of species adapted to inner forest conditions
  • Loss of interspecies relationships such as food species harms other species

Enviro.Sci - Miss Walker (5 decks)

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