2/24/18 Flashcards
Insight learning
Kohler.
Used caged chimpanzee.
Reflects an internal cognitive restructuring of the perceptual field and enhances the organism’s ability to achieve its goals
Bandura’s research found that
- Boys and girls imitate same gendered models
- Boys and girls equally imitated verbal aggression, but boys were more likely than girls imitate physical aggression
- Providing incentive for physical aggression reduced gender difference
Backwards conditioning
When the CS follows the US
Endoplasmic reticulum
Consists of channels that transport proteins to other locations in the cell
Mild Intellectual Disability
- May not be apparent until child is school age and has trouble with educational demands
- Generally acquire communication and social skills during preschool years
Selection Ratio
Number of openings per number of applicants
Types of forward conditioning
- Delay conditioning
- Trace conditioning
Law of Effect
Responses to stimuli that produce a satisfying or pleasant state of affairs are more likely to occur.
Conversely, responses that produce a discomforting, annoying, or unpleasant effect are less likely to occur again.
Otitis media
An infection of the middle ear that can lead to hearing loss
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
Emotions result from perception of bodily sensations of physiological changes
i.e. We feel sad because we cry, we do not cry because we are sad
Fechner’s law
The physical stimulus changes are logarithmically related to their psychological sensations
Who is responsible for organizational citizenship behavior
Organ
Examples of cholinesterase inhibitors
- Tacrine or Cognex
- Donepezil or Aricept
- Galantamine or Reminyl
- Rivastigmine or Exelon
Rivastigmine or Exelon
cholinesterase inhibitors
How to resolve ethical issues with colleagues
(1) First try informal resolution if appropriate
(2) Formal compliant if involves substantial harm or informal resolutions doesn’t work
(3) NEVER VIOLATE CONFIDENTIALITY
Prenatal etiologies for Intellectual Disability
- Genetic syndromes
- Inborn errors in metabolism
- Brain malformations
- Maternal disease
- Environmental influences such as alcohol intake or other teratogens
Negative Reinforcement
An increase in the frequency of a response by removing an aversive event immediately after the response is performed.
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
Developed by Schachter and Singer
States that emotions are the result of physiological arousal and cognition
Emotional experiences are defined by the way in which individuals interpret or appraise their physiological arousal and bodily responses to an event.
Tacrine or Cognex
cholinesterase inhibitors
Delay conditioning
When the CS overlaps in time with the US
Validity Generalization
The extent to which a validity established in one setting with one sample can be generalized to another setting and sample
Conventional antipsychotics
Halo-zines
- Chlorpromazine or Thorazine
- Fluphenazine or Prolixin
- Tiothixene or Narvane
- Haloperidol or Haldol
Criterion-Related Validity Coefficient
Coefficient representing the usefulness of a predictor for predicting criterion outcomes
Compensatory Conditioned Response
When the CR is the opposite of the UR
Often develop to stimuli paired with unconditioned drug responses
What do high Criterion-Related Validity Coefficients mean?
High test scores tend to do better on performance measures
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Mainly affects people over 60 years of age is It is caused by defective absorption of CSF, in which the excess CSF enlarges the ventricles but does not increase pressure on the brain. It may result from injury, illness or infection although many people develop normal pressure hydrocephalus without an obvious cause. It typically starts with difficulty walking. Urinary incontinence often develops, along with a type of dementia marked by slowness of thinking and information processing.
Donepezil or Aricept
cholinesterase inhibitors
Forward conditioning
When the CS reliably precedes the US
Buckley Amendment
Also known as Family Educational Right to Privacy Act (FERPA)
Protects the privacy of student school records
May request that schools amend incorrect or misleading information
Also limits disclosure of records
Classificiations of Intellectual Disability by Percentages
- Mild - 85%
- Moderate - 10%
- Severe - 3-4%
- Profound - 1-2%
Severe Intellectual Disability
- Speech usually does not develop during early childhood, but may be acquired during school age years
- Can learn basic self-care, but need more supervision
Comorbidity with Intellectual Disability
Up to 3-4x more likely to experience other mental, neurodevelopmental, and medical disorders or physical conditions
4 sections of the Ethics Code
- Intro & Applicability
- Preamble
- General Principles
- Ethical Standards
Bystander Effect
The phenomenon that people are less likely to help a person in need when other onlookers are present
Partial seizures
Usually start with uncontrollable twitching of a small part of the body and then can eventually affect the entire body.
Perinatal causes of Intellectual Disability
Labor and delivery events
What is myelin sheath made of?
Glial cells
Secondary reinforcer
Once paired with a reinforcing US, a CS coud become a reinforcer itself
i.e. the bell (CS) paired with meat (US) and becomes a reinforcing stimulus without the presence of the meat
Latent learning
Learning without being reinforced to do so.
Tolman showed that latent learning occurs and that reinforcement may be an important factor but not necessary for the learning of response.
Post-conventional level
Individuals view morality in terms of self-chosen principles, where one functions according to one’s own conscience, no matter what the conventional wisdom is.
Moderate Intellectual Disability
- Usually develop communication skills during early childhood
- Can be trained to do unskilled work under close supervision
Postnatal causes of Intellectual Disability
- Hypoxic-ischemic injury
- Traumatic Brain Injury
- Infections
- Seizure disorders
- Metabolic toxins (i.e. mercury, lead)
Best assessment tool for Intellectual Disability and why
Stanford-Binet
How do Latinas experience psychological issues
As physical or spiritual in origin
Four observational learning processes
- Attentional processes
- Retention or memory processes
- Production processes
- Motivational processes
Parts of the basal ganglia
- Caudate nucleus
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Substantia nigra
Associated comorbid disorders with Intellectual Disability
- ADHD
- Mood disorders
- Pervasive Developmental Disorders
- Stereotypic Movement Disorder
- Impulse-control disorders
- Major neurocognitive disorder
Most effective type of forward conditioning
Delay conditioning
Galantamine or Reminyl
cholinesterase inhibitors
Purpose of Ethics Code
To protect client’s welfare
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
When confronted with an arousing event, people first feel an emotion and then experience physiological reactions such as sweating, muscle tension, or trembling
What do high Criterion-Related Validity Coefficients help HR officers do?
Give confidence in their selection/screening procedures
Base Rate of Success
Unscreened employees who are currently successful on the job
Profound Intellectual Disability
- Communication skills and sensorimotor functioning are significantly impaired
- Need nearly constant supervision
- Benefit from 1:1 relationship
Reliability Coefficient (general)
A correlation that reflects the consistency and stability of a measure, over time, across equivalent forms, or among internal items
Percentage of undetermined etiology for Intellectual Disability
30-40%
When if a moderate to high validity coefficient for employee selection most useful
When the base rate is moderate and the selection ratio is low
When is a validity coefficient for employee selection not useful
If the base rate of success is very high or very low
Pavlovian Conditioning
A pervasive and non-conscious form of learning in which an intially neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that is capable of eliciting a reflexive response, until eventually the previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a response on its own
Trace conditioning
When there is an interval between the offset of the CS and the onset of the US
Who is William James
Father of American psychology
Authored The Principles of Psychology
Criteria for Intellectual Disability
- Deficits in intellectual functioning confirmed by clinical assessment and IQ
- Marked deficits in adaptive functioning
- Onset before age 18
Incremental Validity
The additional predictive validity that can be gains by adding more measurement devices to an assessment program
Taylor and Russell Use of Validity Coefficient in Selection of Employees
Usefulness of validity coefficient depends on selection ratio and base rate of sucsess
Intimacies with clients and supervisees
Clients: at least 2 years after treatment and would need to extreme circumstances to be ok.
Supervisees/students: can’t be current
Early Warning Signs for Intellectual Disability
May only be evident in more severe cases
- Infant’s lack of age-appropriate interest in the environment
- Delays in motor development
- Failure to make eye contact during feeding
- May be less responsive to voice and movement
- May be less ready to interact with their parents or other stimuli
Five (5) General Principles
1) Beneficence & Nonmaleficence
2) Fidelity & Responsibility
3) Integrity
4) Justice
5) Respect for people’s rights and dignity
Synchrony Effect (General)
The observation that optimal performance on tests is associated with studying that occurs during peak times of arousal
Observational/social learning
Bandura.
Most complex human behaviors are learned by observing another person perform those behaviors, observational learning is useful for new behaviors and enhancing or inhibiting existing ones
Findings of Synchrony Effect
Young adults (18-23) do better when tested during the afternoon
Older adults (60-75) tend to fare better when tested in the morning
