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M14 > 2 > Flashcards

2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the tasks of an aircraft engine?

A

It supplies hydraulic power, electric power and bleed air for the pneumatic system. It also gives thrust.

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2
Q

What are the disadvantages of piston engines
over gas turbine engines?

A

High to power ratio and performance loss in
high altitudes.

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3
Q

How is propulsion force created?

A

By accelerating air pressure.

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4
Q

Jet propulsion is also called?

A

Reaction engine

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5
Q

What are the two ways of increasing the
pressure?

A

High pressure by compressor and volume of air when a fuel/air mixture is burned.

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6
Q

How is thrust generated by turbofan engine?

A

Large mass of air with low velocity.

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7
Q

How much thrust is generated by the secondary
airflow?

A

80%

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8
Q

What is the formula for thrust?

A

Mass of air X velocity of air

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9
Q

Which airflow produces the majority of the
thrust?

A

Secondary

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10
Q

What is bypass ratio?

A

Secondary over the primary airflow.

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11
Q

Exhaust Gas collide with ambient air?

A

Produce more noise.

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12
Q

Thrust?

A

Mass of air and velocity of air.

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13
Q

Turbo jet?

A

More velocity, less air. Low bypass engine.

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14
Q

Thrust generated by turbofan?

A

Secondary and primary.

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15
Q

Divergent?

A

Decrease in velocity, increase in static pressure

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16
Q

Gearbox in turbo prop?

A

Manage the torque being given by the turbine.

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17
Q

Modular?

A

modern aircraft engine. Is split into a set of separate major modules

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18
Q

Cobalt base alloys are used for?

A

Stator of the 1st stage of HPT.

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19
Q

Titanium base alloys are used for?

A

Mainly used in fan, the lpc and front stages the hpc.

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20
Q

Nickel based alloys are used for?

A

Hpc, hpt, lpt.

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21
Q

4 cycle of a gas turbine engine?

A

Induction, compression, combustion and expansion.

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22
Q

How do you increase the energy?

A

combustion

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23
Q

The static pressure in the combustion chamber is?

A

constant

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24
Q

It supplies a continuous flow of air to the combustion chamber?

A

compressor

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25
Q

Compressor

A

increase in pressure and
temperature

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26
Q

Kinetic energy to mechanical torque?

A

turbine

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27
Q

It drives the AGB and compressors

A

turbine

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28
Q

Pressure relationship between two different areas?

A

pressure ratio.

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29
Q

Compressor discharge pressure over compressor inlet pressure

A
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30
Q

40 : 1

A

means that the discharge is 40
times the inlet.

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31
Q

Turbine pressure discharge over inlet pressure.

A
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32
Q

To increase the service life of an engine?

A

flat rating

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33
Q

Engine indicators of thrust?

A

rpm or n1, EPR, TPR.

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34
Q

To monitor air flow in engine pressure and temperature

A

airflow station designations

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35
Q

Service life of an engine can be increased if the exhaust gas temperatures are always

A

kept as low as possible.

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36
Q

During cold day

A

more dense and more
thrust.

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37
Q

Test bench / test cell

A

on the ground, thrust
force of an engine can be measured on test
bench.

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38
Q

Why is the engine air intake a diffuser?

A

Divergent, to increase static pressure of the
air.

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39
Q

Engine is running but aircraft is not moving?

A

Negative pressure, no ram air effect

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40
Q

Why is there a need to decrease air entering the
compressor?

A
  • Minimize energy losses caused by temperature increases.
  • Disturbs or reduce the airflow and increase the temp. of compressor
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41
Q

What is the purpose of the divergent engine air
intake?

A

Decrease the velocity, increase static pressure.

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42
Q

What air is used for anti-icing the engine?

A

Hot air directly from the engine of that particular engine.

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43
Q

What air is used for anti-icing the wing?

A

Hot air from pneumatic system, apu or engine

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44
Q

Can you switch anti-ice in one engine only?

A

Yes, it has individual switch per engine.

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45
Q

Can you switch wing anti-ice individually?

A

No because it operates symmetrically.

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46
Q

How many switches are there for wing anti-ice valve?

A

Only one

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47
Q

How many switches are there for engine anti-ice valve?

A

One for each engine. Independent anti-ice switch.

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48
Q

In what position can you lock the wing anti-ice valve?

A

In closed position only.

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49
Q

In what position can you lock the engine anti-ice valve?

A

In both open or closed position.

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50
Q

When will the fault light appear in the switches?

A

During transit and when there is a
disagreement of switch.

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51
Q

Subsonic speed needed by the engine.

A
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52
Q

What are the 5 main sections of a gas turbine engine?

A

Fan, compressor, turbine, combustion and
exhaust

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53
Q

What is the purpose of the compressor?

A

Continuous supply of air to the engine combustor.

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54
Q

What are the characteristics of air as it comes out of the compressor?

A

Constant velocity. Temperature and
pressure increases. Volume decreases.

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55
Q

What are the two types of compressor?

A

Centrifugal and Axial

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56
Q

What is the main advantage of axial compressor
over centrifugal compressor?

A

It produces higher pressure.

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57
Q

How do you define an axial compressor stage?

A

Rotor followed by a stator

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58
Q

What is the purpose of rotor blade?

A

Imparts velocity

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59
Q

What is the purpose of stator vane?

A

Transforms velocity(constant across the compressor) in pressure(increase)

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60
Q

What is a centrifugal compressor?

A

Consist of impeller and diffuser. Used on small turbine engines like APU’s. Air is sucked horizontally.

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61
Q

A centrifugal compressor consists of?

A

Impeller and diffuser

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62
Q

What is the compressor ratio of an axial flow compressor?

A

1.3 : 1

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63
Q

What is the compressor ratio of a centrifugal flow compressor?

A

5 : 1

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64
Q

What is the most efficient centrifugal compressor?

A

2 stages only

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65
Q

Does double face impeller increase pressure?

A

No, it only gives higher airflow.

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66
Q

What is a compressor stall?

A

Separation of airflow

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67
Q

What is surge?

A
  • Very severe form of compressor stall.
  • Heavy vibrations and loud banging noises
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68
Q

What are the ways of preventing stall?

A
  • Compressor bleed valves - bleed excess air in the engine. Open at low engine speeds.
  • Dual or triple spool rotors -acceleration capability.
  • Variable Vanes - optimum angle of attack
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69
Q

Where can you find the variable stator vanes?

A

In front/fwd of the HPC

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70
Q

Which kind of stall/surge is more serious?

A

Surge in the AFT stages of the compressor.

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71
Q

Where can you usually find variable inlet guide
vanes?

A

In front of the HPC

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72
Q

Is variable inlet guide vanes part of the compressor stage?

A

No

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73
Q

Streamline the airflow, mounted and bolted into the fan?

A

Spinner cone

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74
Q

What are the conditions that cause stall or surge in the engine ?

A

Dents or ice, damaged rotor blades, damaged or broken combustor, damaged
turbine components.

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75
Q

Compressor stall due to?

A
  • Low speed - fed stages supply too much air
    to the aft stages.
  • Fast dec. - rotor speed of hpc decreases faster than lpc.
  • Fast acceleration - leads to much fuel into the combustion.
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76
Q

What component produce majority of the thrust?

A

Fan

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77
Q

. Outlet guide vanes? Location?

A

They improve the airflow into the fan nozzle. Stator vanes located in the fan duct.

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78
Q

Inlet guide vane? Location?

A

Improve the airflow into the first compressor stage. Fixed or movable. It is located in front
of HPC.

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79
Q

Data location on blades?

A

Blade root. You can find P/N, S/N, moment weight.

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80
Q

Where is fan blades mounted?

A
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81
Q

Rotor blades

A

Suck in air and push it to the outlet side of the rotor. Increases in energy flow.

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82
Q

Stator vane

A

Guide and slow the airflow to cause an increase in pressure

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83
Q

Rotor is always the first part of a compressor stage.

A
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84
Q

Angle of attack on the rotor blades and stator vanes is small?

A

Airflow is smooth

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85
Q

. Stall

A

high egt.

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86
Q

Soft tip spinner cone

A

Cause small imbalance which prevents large ice build up

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87
Q

Used to balance the opposite blade?

A

Balance screws

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88
Q

Used to scare birds away and to know if the engine is rotating.

A

Spirals or white markings

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89
Q

The most critical area of a blade?

A

Blade root.

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90
Q

Mid span shroud?

A
  • Additional strength and rigidity
    .
  • Use a special coating for sliding ops.
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91
Q

Do not have shrouds, they are more efficient than conventional blades, they can run at lower speed which reduces noise and they are very flexible. Can whistand FOD much better.

A

Wide chord fan blades

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92
Q

Shrouded fan blade

A

All the impact energy absorbed by the tip.

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93
Q

Help to stiffen the case and prevent deformation? Adds strength and rigidity. Used for
installing other components.

A

Flanges

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94
Q

Protection for the tip of the blade?

A

Abradable shrouds.

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95
Q

Reduce/absorb the noise created by the fan?

A

Acoustic panels.

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96
Q

Protect the engine/ fuselage when the fan blade
breaks?

A

Cowling

Note : Pylon - engine mount - fan frame

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97
Q

Struts

A

hollow

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98
Q

Blades are repairing is called

A

Fan blade blending

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99
Q

Moment weight = blade mass * distance

A
  • Found in the root blade
  • Old is crossed out if new moment weight is achieved after blade blending.
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100
Q

Process of welding the joint?

A

Inertia welding

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101
Q

VIGV

A

corrects the angle of attack to prevent
stall.

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102
Q

Compressor discharge pressure seal (CDP)?

A

Control the airflow/ minimize the leak.

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103
Q

Rotor attachment method

A
  • Locking lug
  • Retainer ring
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104
Q

What is used to inspect the engine ports?

A

Borescope Ports

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105
Q

Two zones of combustion chamber?

A

Dilution and primary zone.

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106
Q

Why do we have to slow down the air before
entering the combustion chamber?

A

To have a complete combustion inside the combustion chamber.

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107
Q

Used to reduce airflow?

A

Diffuser

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108
Q

Shape of diffuser?

A

Divergent

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109
Q

Coating used to protect excessive heat?

A

Ceramic coating

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110
Q

Flammable mixture requirements? Primary conditions for correct and safe combustion?

A

Correct ratio of fuel and air and air velocity must be slow enough inside the combustion
chamber.

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111
Q

types of combustion chamber?

A
  • Can type
  • Can annular
  • Annular combustor
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112
Q

2 airflows in the combustion chamber?

A
  • Primary airflow 20% to 30%
  • Secondary airflow 70% to 80%
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113
Q

Primary is for what and how many percent? (In combustion)

A

20% to 30% for combustion.

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114
Q

Secondary is for what and how many percent?
(In combustion)

A

70% to 80% for cooling.

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115
Q

Dilution holes is for what?

A

Large

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116
Q

Film cooling holes?

A

o create a film preventing direct contact of the inner liner and the heat from the combustion chamber.

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117
Q

To produce a hot stream of gas for the turbines and for jet nozzle?

A

Combustion chamber

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118
Q

Ideal air to fuel ratio?

A

15 : 1

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119
Q

It accommodates the fuel nozzles and igniter plug?

A

Combustion case

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120
Q

Turbine stage

A
  • HPT Stator/Nozzle guide vane - unang tatamaan ng hot air.
  • HPT Rotor 2nd.
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121
Q

Igniter plug

A
  • Lower part, because more parts of air is in the lowest part of the chamber.
  • Can be used also as borescope hole.
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122
Q

To create turbulence for proper mixing of air:fuel?

A

Swirl vanes

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123
Q

Why do we need fixed and movable liner?

A

To have a thermal expansion allowance.

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124
Q

Turbine section is consist of?

A

Stator and rotor

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125
Q

Purpose of nozzle guide vane?

A

Direct the air to the rotor blades.

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126
Q

Purpose of the rotor vane in the rotor stage?

A

Kinetic into mechanical torque

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127
Q

Rotor blades in axial?

A

Fir tree

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128
Q

. Advantages of fir tree shape?

A
  • Many contact surfaces advantage and the loads are transmitted gradually.
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129
Q

Why are turbine blades are susceptible to damage compared to compressor blades?

A

Because of high temperature.

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130
Q

Two main function of turbine?

A

It drives the compressor and accessory gearbox

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131
Q

What part of the high pressure turbine (hpt) has the highest heat to metal contact? First component that will be hit by hot gases from the combustion.

A

HPT nozzle guide vane (stator)

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132
Q

Two types of turbine blades?

A

Impulse and impulse-reaction/reaction

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133
Q

What is impulse?

A
  • Impulse turbine relies more in the impact of the air in the blade
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134
Q

What is impulse reaction?

A

Accelerate by impulse and reaction

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135
Q

What is Creep?

A

Permanent deformation

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136
Q

3 factors of creep?

A

High temp., centrifugal force and time.

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137
Q

Purpose of the shroud in the turbine?

A

Reduce vibration

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138
Q

Why maximum egt should not exceed?

A

Can cause damage

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139
Q

N1?

A

Fan speed, LPC, LPT

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140
Q

N2?

A

Core speed, HPC, HPT

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141
Q

Turbine cooling

A
  • Convection - easiest method hollow turbine nozzle vanes and rotor vanes
  • Impingement - inserts with many holes.
  • Film cooling - drilled cooling air holes.
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142
Q

Large tip clearance cause what?

A

More fuel consumption

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143
Q

Engine speed tip clearance

A
  • Low STC - no much cf, only temp.
  • High STC - due to high centrifugal force.
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144
Q

Clearance control system

A
  • Active - regulated by vanes
  • Passive - unregulated
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145
Q

Best speed tip clearance?

A

Optimum STC.

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146
Q

. Cooling tubes

A
  • LPT cooling tubes - circular shaped, holes pointing directly to the turbine case
  • HPT cooling tubes - rectangular shapes, bleed holes are at the edges, blows air to
    the thickest layers/parts.
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147
Q

Solenoid valve

A
  • Close or open only.
  • Also called two position valves
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148
Q

FADEC

A

Full Authority Digital Engine Control

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149
Q

Interstage seal

A

minimize the leakage

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150
Q

It is designed to absorb the loads of the blade?

A

Stage disc

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151
Q

Turbine frame function

A
  • First absorb the aft bearing loads
  • 2nd is to provide attachment points for turbine frame/ rear engine mount.
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152
Q

Frame struts

A
  • Radial - minimize expansion of struts and keeps stress on the frame hub low. But it
    tends to crack.
  • Tangential - minimize stress caused by thermal expansion. If they expand, they will cause the hub to rotate slightly.
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153
Q

Purpose of exhaust nozzle?

A

Accelerate the exhaust gases into the hub of the turbine rear stage.

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154
Q

Purpose of exhaust system in turbo prop?

A

To discharge safely the airflow overboard

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155
Q

Purpose of exhaust system in turbo fan?

A

To discharge safely the airflow overboard. And create 20 % of thrust from the primary
airflow.

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156
Q

Purpose of exhaust system in turbo jet?

A

Accelerate airflow and make thrust.

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157
Q

Interlock position? Thrust reverser interlock sys.

A
  • It makes sure that the engine power can only be increased after the reverser is fully
    deployed.
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158
Q

. If only one thrust reverser is not fully deploy, it
goes to reverse idle.

A
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159
Q

The reverser control system is always protected
by the air ground logic.

A
  • Deploys only on ground
  • Some a/c 10ft below can deploy.
  • Must be manually selected on the cockpit
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160
Q

It prevents reverse flow of the exhaust gases into the hub of the turban rear stage? It guides the
discharge flow and prevents excessive turbulence
of gases.

A

Exhaust Cone

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161
Q

Exhaust nozzle

A
  • Separate - primary and secondary airflow.
  • Common - mixes hot and cold gas flow. Reduce high exhaust gas velocities and gives higher propulsion efficiency
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162
Q

It improves the mixing of the hot and cold gas
flow to get higher propulsion efficiency?

A

Exhaust gas mixer

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163
Q

It aerodynamically stop the aircraft during landing?

A

Thrust reverser and brakes

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164
Q

Type if thrust reversers:

A
  • Bucket door
  • Clamshell
  • Cascade vanes
  • Pivoting door
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165
Q

Stall is accompanied by high egt.

A
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166
Q

Ball / Fixed

A

axial and radial

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167
Q

Roller / floating

A

radial load and it supports thermal
expansion.

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168
Q

Direct lubrication

A
  • oil is directly sprayed onto the bearings.
  • bearings with low loads.
  • more intense lubrication
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169
Q

Indirect / underace lubrication

A
  • sprayed on the inner wall
  • oil stays on wall due to centrifugal force
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170
Q

Carbon seal

A
  • used in AGB and sumps in bearing compartments.
  • prevent leakage of oil
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171
Q

Do we use brush seals?

A

No

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172
Q

Pressure balancing

A

reduces axial load

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173
Q

Mas malakas na axial load sa compressor?

A

forward direction.

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174
Q

Mas malakas na axial load sa turbine?

A

aft direction

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175
Q

Accessory drive system is used to power the electric and hydraulic system.

A
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176
Q

High pressure rotor

A

the rotor which is used to
turn the AGB

177
Q

The diameter of the radial bevel gear is usually
smaller than the diameter of the horizontal.

A
178
Q

Horizontal bevel gear

A

more teeth, rotates
slower than radial bevel gear.

179
Q

Radial bevel gear

A
  • less teeth, rotates faster
    than horizontal bevel gear.
180
Q

At a certain speed bibitaw yung starter using the

A

CLUTCH

181
Q

During starting

A

HPC starts first, then followed
by ignition then fuel. Painitin muna using ignition then fuel.

182
Q

In the AGB all the accessory units rotates and
interconnected to each using the

A

Gear Train /
Spar gear

183
Q

Wind milling

A

can damage the bearings of your engine due to not enough oil is lubricating the
bearings.

184
Q

1:1

A

1 revolution sa manual hand crank device
equals 1 revolution sa HP rotor.

185
Q

Hand crank device

A

for maint.

186
Q

Oil damped bearing

A

reduce dynamic loads. Oil
muna mag absorb ng load then the bearing.

187
Q

Air seals / outer seals

A

minimizing air escaping
from the cavities

188
Q

Oil seals / inner seals

A

prevent oil from
escaping from the bearing compartment.

189
Q

Viscosity

A

Resistance to flow

190
Q

Flash point

A

the lowest temperature at which it begins
to vaporize.

191
Q

Flash point of oil?

A

high flashpoint

192
Q

Flush point of fuel?

A

low flash point

193
Q

Synthetic

A

recommended engine oil for gte.

194
Q

3 purpose of oil in the engine?

A

Cleaning, cooling, lubrication.

195
Q

It houses the bearing compartments?

A

Sump

196
Q

What is dry sump?

A

Scavenge system and external tank

197
Q

What are the basic lubrication subsystems?

A
  • Vent
  • Monitoring
  • Scavenge
  • Oil reservoir and supply
198
Q

Under oil cooler:

What is used to cool in oil cooler?

A

Fuel

199
Q

Also known as a heat exchanger?

A

Oil cooler

200
Q

Which has the higher pressure ?

A

Fuel

201
Q

Which is better: oil to contaminate the fuel? Or
fuel contaminate the oil?

A

Fuel to contaminate the oil

201
Q

How will you know if your oil is contaminated with
fuel?

A
  • If you smell fuel in the oil tank (fuel contamination)
  • abnormal quantity of oil (laging uno or pabago-bago yung oil tank)
202
Q

It can damage the heat exchanger or leak?

A

Mixed fuel and oil

203
Q

What type of sump is the scavenge system?

A

Dry sump

204
Q

Meaning of SOAP? And what particles it can
detect?

A
  • Spectrometric Oil Analysis Program
  • Small particles that cannot be caught by oil
    filters. (0.001 to 0.02 mm)
205
Q

Consist of 2 magnet?

A

Electronically Monitored Magnetic chip
detector

206
Q

What will happen if the gap between two magnet is filled with metal?

A
  • The resistance between the 2 magnets gets below its limit and sends a maint. message
    for the PFR. (MAGNETIC CHIP
    DETECTED)
  • This completes the circuit. There is a chip
    detection
207
Q

Why low pressure pump is needed?

A

To prevent cavitation going to the high pressure pump

208
Q

Oil temperature sensor

A

Thermocouple - hot areas. Return and scavenge lines.

  • Thermistor - supply lines. Warm areas.
209
Q

Lube analysis

A

If there’s an engine deterioration

210
Q

When you identify the material…

A

You can identify the engine part with wear.

211
Q

Scavenge oil filter

A
  • 0.015 mm particles
212
Q

Magnetic chip detectors

A
  • Manual - removed manually to check for chips.
  • Electronic - electronically monitored. Only
    one, called main/master.
213
Q

Wait for 5-20 min.

A
214
Q

Anti-Siphon which stop the flow of oil during
shutdown.

A
215
Q

A wrong detector installation can lead to a leak
in the oil system and in-flight shutdown of the
engine.

A
216
Q

Fuel is used for?

A
  • Combustion
  • Servo fuel/muscle pressure
217
Q

Where is the main fuel flow?

A

Combustion

218
Q

What is fuel heater? And what it is used to heat
the fuel?

A
  • Heat the fuel
  • Oil is used to heat the fuel
219
Q

Can FCU can control the engine it self?

A

Yes it can.

220
Q

Two major sections of FCU?

A
  • Fuel metering section - make sure that necessary fuel gets to the fuel nozzles and
    all the fuel, which is not needed for combustion returns to the fuel pump
  • Computing section - governing and limiting
    section. Limiting is for protection, governing
    is for N2.
221
Q

It meters the fuel that is needed for combustion.
It is also responsible for supply and shut off of fuel
to the fuel nozzles at the combustion chamber

A

Fuel control unit

222
Q

It measures the actual fuel flow and transmit
signals to the cockpit for fuel flow and fuel used
indicator.

A

Fuel flow transmitter

223
Q

To have a better spray saturation of the nozzle?

A
  • High pressure compressor
  • 900psi
224
Q

Over- pressure relief valve?

A
  • To prevent damage
  • 1250psi
225
Q

It only opens when the fuel is too hot?

A
  • Fuel recirculation valve
  • Fuel goes back to the tank or cooling of idg
    or engine oil.
226
Q

It can control engine speed and fuel servo
system?

A

FCU

227
Q

FCU signals uses

A
  • Hydraulic signals
  • Mechanical signals
  • Pneumatic signals
228
Q

A digital computer as a full authority over the
engine control functions?

A

FADEC

229
Q

t talks about cooling, clearance control and
compressor control?

A

AIR SYSTEM

230
Q

Compressor control?

A

IN HP AND LP (the
variable bleed valves).

231
Q

During engine shutdown the VIGV and VSV
is medyo close, it allows the smallest
possible angle of attack because your
engine needs less air going shutdown.

A
232
Q

During shutdown, HPC slows down
because less air is needed at the same time
the VBV is open.

A
233
Q

At designed speed, VBV is close. VBV is
open to prevent stall and pag shutdown and
starting.

A
234
Q

HPC bleed valves

A

in mid-point or bandang
last stage. To bleed excess air.

235
Q

Clearance control?

A

UN HPT AND LPT,
SOMETIMES COMPRESSOR

236
Q

What kind of air is used in the HPC rotor? -

A

HOT AIR or WARM AIR.

237
Q

What kind of air is used in the turbine case?

A

cold air

238
Q

It improves the efficiency of the engine?

A

CLEARANCE CONTROL

239
Q

The purpose of external cooling system
aside form cooling?

A

FOR VENTILATION
OF THE CORE, TO PREVENT
ACCUMULATION OF FUMES AND
GASES. IT ALSO VENTILATE LEAKS

240
Q

What is used to cool the fan compartment?

A

ram air

241
Q

What is used to cool the core
compartments?

A

fan air

242
Q

What is more pressurized? The fan or core
compartment?

A

the fan air, to prevent the
propagation of fire coming from the core.

243
Q

The air called after the low pressure
compressor

A

the lpc discharge or the hpc
inlet air

244
Q

Components of ignition?

A

lead, exciter,
starter.

245
Q

Starter/starting system consist of

A

starter
duct, starter motor and starter shut-off
valve.

246
Q

There are two INDEPENDENT ignition
system.

A
247
Q

One independent is always powered by
EMERGENCY BUS

A
  • it’s a NO-GO item.
248
Q

The other one is normal powered.

A
249
Q

Starter supply duct

A

connects the
pneumatic system and the starter motor.

250
Q

Sources of air for starting?

A

APU, the other
engine, or GPU.

251
Q

Time at starter can be used continuously?

A

Time at starter can be used continuously? -
Duty Time (2mins)

252
Q

Indicates a successful start?

A

EGT indicates.

253
Q

Two types of starter?

A

pneumatic and
electric.

254
Q

Pneumatic starter

A

for engine, (may turbine)

255
Q

Electric starter

A

for APU (walang turbine)

256
Q

Starter has HI TORQUE, LOW SPEED.

A
257
Q

Common to both electric and pneumatic
starter?

A

starter clutch

258
Q

Starter shut-off valve?

A

spring loaded
closed so the solenoid is used to energize
the valve to open

259
Q

Cooling for starters?

A

oil is used

260
Q

Starter check for oil level and for chip
detection. Check for contamination and
deterioration.

A
261
Q

Fwd. thrust lever

A

informs the FCU on how
much thrust is requested.

262
Q

Starter lever

A

switch the fuel on and off.

263
Q

It is used to transform mechanical input to
electrical signals

A

resolver

264
Q

Control lever has two seperate switch
signals.

A
265
Q

Thrust reverser / reverse lever lock system

A

prevents simultaneously movement
between reverse thrust and fwd. thrust

266
Q

Continuous ignition

A

pag nag flame-out or
icy conditions.

267
Q

Start ignition

A

one time only pag
combustion, tapos off na.

268
Q

ECU

A

ignition system. Spark and ignite the
fuel: air mixture in the combustion system.

269
Q

Ignition system

A

ignition exciter, igniter
plug, ignition leads and electrical power
supply and switches

270
Q

DC high voltage ang labas.

A
271
Q

Ignition lead sa

A

core area may cooling, sa
fan area wala masyado kasi medyo
malamig na dun.

272
Q

Immersion test

A

pag nagalaw mo lang yung
bushing pero pag remove and replace lng
ng plug no need test.

273
Q

Ceramic igniter plug

A

must not drop

274
Q

Ignition exciter

A

may low voltage (1
spark/sec.) and high voltage (2 spark/sec.)

275
Q

ignition lead cooling

A

fan air or booster air.

276
Q

Pag nasa self-sustaining speed na di pa rin
bibitaw ang clutch until maabot nya yung
starter cut-out speed. (N2)

A
277
Q

EPR

A

has an inlet pressure switch and
turbine discharge pressure switch.

278
Q

If one thermocouple probes is damage or
loss

A

may indication pa rin pero it’s less accurate.

279
Q

EPR

A

indicates or measure thrust using
pressure.

280
Q

Thermocouple is made up of chromel and
alumel.

A
281
Q

Fuel flow transmitter

A

fuel flow and fuel
used. 2nd law of motion.

282
Q

Tachometers

A

units in RPM, used to
measure thrust by rotation

283
Q

Engine trend monitoring

A

To prevent larger
performance reductions or even engine
problems during flight. Monitoring tool that
alerts us to a problem at an early stage

284
Q

EPR corresponds to engine thrust?

A

yes

285
Q

Vibration increases

A

deterioration in engine.

286
Q

Vibration sensors

A

sense radial
measurement direction.

287
Q

Vibration sensor in HPR

A

distance of
vibration

288
Q

Vibration sensor in LPR

A

bilis ng vibration.

289
Q

Oil pressure indication and low pressure
indication

A

senses the press. diff. between
the total oil pressure in OIL SUPPLY LINE
and the VENT pressure in the oil tank.

290
Q

SOAP

A

can find small particles that the
magnetic chip detector or oil filter can’t
detect.

291
Q

Methods of power augmentation?

A

water or
water-methanol injection and after burners.

292
Q

Water methanol injection

A

increase the
density of air, and higher thrust. Applied in
combustion inlet, compressor inlet, engine
inlet.

293
Q

Water injection

A

decreases the temperature
in the combustion chamber so that you can
add fuel. It results in increase of volume
gases

294
Q

Ordinary water is not used because of its
high mineral content that could cause
deposits sa turbine.

A
295
Q

Methanol

A

to prevent icing, less freezing
point than water.

296
Q

After burner fuel is introduced in the LPT.
50% of thrust

A
297
Q

Exhaust of afterburner is variable.

A
298
Q

Catalytic ignition, spark ignition, hot shot
ignition

A

methods of ignition.

299
Q

Afterburning

A

also called Augmenting

300
Q

Variable exhaust nozzle

A

must be larger
when used.

301
Q

Turbo-shaft

A

a gas turbine energy, has
energy to shaft energy

302
Q

Turbo-prop

A

is a turbo-shaft

303
Q

APU

A

turbo-shaft

304
Q

Turbo-shaft

A

not a turbo-prop.

305
Q

Turbo-shaft

A

almost all of the power is in
the shaft.

306
Q

APU

A

is a turbo-shaft. Turbine power to
pneumatic and electric.

307
Q

Turbo-shaft is efficient than turbo-jet.

A
308
Q

1st action when propeller speed increases

A

always move the blades into a more coarse
position.

309
Q

2nd option is to reduce the fuel flow.

A
310
Q

90%

A

turbo-prop generated thrust

311
Q

Turbo-prop exhaust

A

static pressure and
temperature decrease.

312
Q

Twin levers found in the turbo-prop?

A

condition lever and engine lever

313
Q

Alpha mode

A

engine power controlled by
engine lever and propeller is controlled by
condition lever

314
Q

Beta mode

A

engine power controlled by
condition lever and propeller is controlled by
power lever.

315
Q

Propeller speed

A

condition lever

316
Q

Fast rotation speed and small angle results
in

A

slow aircraft speed.

317
Q

Shaft power engines

A

turboprop and
turboshaft

318
Q

TPE

A

almost always an axial reaction type
turbine

319
Q

TPE

A

free turbine connected to the
reduction gearbox.

320
Q

Propeller

A

is connected to the reduction
gearbox.

321
Q

Reverse flow combustion

A

reduce the
length

322
Q

It reduces the shaft speed

A

reduction
gearbox.

323
Q

Optimal rpm of the propeller is 850 to 2500

A
324
Q

Adjustment areas of propeller blades

A

high
pitch, low pitch, feather position and
reverse.

325
Q

High pitch

A

high airspeed

326
Q

Low pitch

A

low airspeed

327
Q

Feather position - for emergency and

A

for emergency and

328
Q

Flight idle is higher than ground idle.

A
329
Q

Free turbine connected to the reduction gearbox and from the RGB to the propeller.

A
330
Q

How is one engine prevented from driving
the other engine in helicopter?

A

Free wheel

331
Q

To allow the engine to drive the
transmission and prevent the rotor from
driving the engine.

A

free wheel

332
Q

Transmission

A

direction of movement,
torque, force and speeds can be changed
using gears.

333
Q

It provides elec. and pneumatic?

A

APU

334
Q

APU can be used in flight?

A

YES, when
IDG fair or engine tapos need mo more
pneumatic and electricity, mag susupport
sya.

335
Q

what is the speed of the APU after starting?

A

CONSTANT

336
Q

It controls the constant speed of the APU

A

APU control unit

337
Q

Opening of APU inlet door?

A

manually and
electrically

338
Q

Can you automatic start the APU ?

A

No,
only manually by switches sa overhead
panel sa cockpit

339
Q

Purpose of load compressor ?

A

Provide
bleed air pneumatic to the user

340
Q

Compressor of the APU do what?

A

provide
air for cooling and combustion

341
Q

It opens the apu fuel pump and apu shut off
valve near the APU ?

A

APU fuel line vent
push button. It is also used for maintenance
para di kana pumunta cockpit.

342
Q

2 main diff. Of engine oil system and apu oil
system?

A

APU has a de-oiler valve and yung oil ng apu ginagamit mismo ng generator
nya compared sa engine oil system yung oil
ng generator nya (idg) is separated.

343
Q

Apu oil is cooled?

A

through an air/oil heat
exchanger. (Air is used to cool the oil)

344
Q

3 main sections of APU?

A

AGB, bleed
suction and power section.

345
Q

A separate compressor called load
compressor. May variable inlet guide vanes
siya. Meaning can be closed, in between,
and open.

A
346
Q

Iikot parin ba yung load compressor kahit
nakasara yung VIGV ?

A

Yes because
connected sya sa turbine shaft.

347
Q

Load compressor

A

very fuel efficient, low
egt

348
Q

APU PRESSURE

A

30 to 45 psi

349
Q

Apu does not have a constant speed drive

A

ang nag cocontrol ng constant speed nya is
APU FUEL CONTROL UNIT

350
Q

Pre-start test

A

makes sure that cpu control
unit itself operates properly and sensor
signals are available

351
Q

If restart test is ok

A

normal, automatic, apu
fire switch

352
Q

Manual

A

using master switch, safe
shutdown. Cool down of 120s

353
Q

Automatic

A

due to defective components.
Oil pressure, high egt, high temp. No cool
down

354
Q

Apu fire switch

A

sa cockpit. Meron din sa
nose landing gear, main wheel well ay
refueling station

355
Q

Apu fuel pump is on if not enough yung
pressure na galing sa boost pumps ng fuel
tank. To prevent also cavitation

A
356
Q

Primary fuel system of the apu

A

low
pressure fuel system. Fuel tank to apu fuel
control unit.

357
Q

Secondary fuel system of the apu

A

high
pressure fuel system. FCU apu papunta sa
nozzles.

358
Q

Apu air system

A

bleed air and cooling air
system

359
Q

Anti-surge valve

A

normally open during
flight. Not very efficient

360
Q

Surge control valve

A

sa may load
compressor. More efficient

361
Q

De-oiling valve? -

A
362
Q

Apu master switch

A

supplies electrical
power to the apu control unit which starts its
pre-test.

363
Q

Apu does not have starter shut off valve.

A
364
Q

Common sa engine at apu ?

A

Starter clutch

365
Q

Starter duty time

A

time when apu can be
used

366
Q

Starter cool down time

A

time to be cooled

367
Q

Starter duty cycle

A

on/off, on/off, on/off
cycle

368
Q

Ignition lead ng apu

A

walang cooling

369
Q

Class 1?

A

most critical parts like the air inlet cowl. Only small dents are allowed.

370
Q

Class 2?

A

fan cowling

371
Q

Opening of cowling should be in sequence because diff. Cowling overlap each other.

A
372
Q

For example : fan cowl must be open first before you can open the core cowling.

A
373
Q

Air inlet cowling is cannot be split.

A
374
Q

Two index pins

A

this makes sure that the air
inlet cowl can only be installed in the correct
position.

375
Q

2 hold positions

A

fully open ( access to all
components) and half closed/open
(gearbox)

376
Q

fan cowl open when engine is in ground idle
is allowed. Fan reverse cowl

A

release the
latch then use hydraulic to open.

377
Q

Cowl load sharing

A

uses v - shaped grooves
and blades.

378
Q

2 passive fire protection of fan thrust reverse cowling - fire protective coating (for
inner side of the cowl) and fire seal (on the connection to the fan frame)

A

fire protective coating (for
inner side of the cowl) and fire seal (on the connection to the fan frame)

379
Q

parking and mooring

A

close all holes on the
engine

380
Q

Forward mount

A

bolted to the fan frame

381
Q

Aft mount

A

bolted to the turbine frame

382
Q

Aft mount

A

Y,Z load or the vertical(weight)
and side loads.

383
Q

Aft load has no axial mount load

A

to allow
thermal expansion.

384
Q

Bootstrap (most common), crane method
(30% faster than bootstrap), uplift method
(40% faster)

A
385
Q

drain mast is made of frangible material
para sya lang yung masisira incase na
tumama.

A
386
Q

Fuel overboard drain

A

found on pylon

387
Q

Collector

A

can’t be emptied, if it is full the
fluid goes to the holding tank

388
Q

Holding tank

A

can be emptied

389
Q

Before you open the cowls

A

slats must be
retracted

390
Q

In a fire protection system what happens
when you operate fire handle

A

generator
switched off, bleed air valve closes, shut-off
valve closes, hydraulic valve closes and
FIRE CIRCUIT engages.

391
Q

Squib light is found in the AGENT push
button.

A
392
Q

What will illuminate when the FIRE
CIRCUIT engage or activates ?

A
  • SQUIB LIGHT.
393
Q

If the bottle is empty

A

DISCHARGE light
illuminates.

394
Q

If fire warning is still on after 30 s, must
discharge the second bottle.

A
395
Q

What do you mean by 2 shots

A

can apply
two bottles in 1 engine.

396
Q

Halon

A

used in engine fire

397
Q

What will trigger the fire bottle ? Or the switch to trigger the fire bottle ?

A

AGENT
FIRE PUSHBUTTON

398
Q

Local warning

A

RED LIGHT inside the
switch. The red light near the engine master
switch SHOWS the pilot what engine must
be shut down.

399
Q

Central warning

A

aural, visual and warning
message on exam or eicas.

400
Q

Dual cont. loop

A

engine fire detection
system

401
Q

Hot start ?

A

high egt

402
Q

Most common error when handling
magnetic chip detectors?

A

O-ring installation (they forgot to put O-ring)

403
Q

What is blending?

A

repairing of blade

404
Q

Borescope ports?

A

To view the internal parts
of the engine. INSTALLED IN BETWEEN
STATOR VANES

405
Q

High egt

A

can be also compressor damage

406
Q

Pag maagang nag disengage yung start
valve, fuel metering is wrong, duct pressure
is too low

A

HUNG START

407
Q

When rotor cranking N1-by hand through
fan, n2 by hand cranking device through the
accessory gearbox.

A
408
Q

Auto start steps :

A
409
Q

Auto start

A

FADEC system computer
controls the whole start system. This
computer is the ECU

410
Q

Auto start

A

step 1: engine mode selector
switch to IGN / START. Check pressure, oil,
engine start page.

411
Q

Auto start

A

check for minimum duct
pressure of 25psi

412
Q

Auto start

A

step 2: engine master switch on
(low pressure valve open and flows to the
HMU, starter valve will open)

413
Q

Auto start

A

check n2 at 16% ecu activates
ignition

414
Q

Auto start

A

check n2 at 22% ecu send
signal to hmu to open the metering valve

415
Q

Fuel pressure opens the fuel shut off valve
and fuel flows to the spray nozzle.

A
416
Q

Increasing EGT

A

successful start

417
Q

Engine will accelerate on the thrust lever
position. Kaya dapat naka ground idle lang.

A
418
Q

When n2 passes the starter cut out speed,
ecu send signal to color the starter valve
and deactivates the ignition

A
419
Q

Engine master switched off

A

close signal is
sent to fuel shut off valve and fuel low
pressure valve

420
Q

Engine spools down

A
421
Q

Manual :

A
422
Q

Manual step 1

A

ign/start mode

423
Q

2:

A

engine manual start push button

424
Q

3:

A

master switch on

425
Q

In the manual start both ignition is on, in
auto only 1 ignition.

A
426
Q

Engine Motoring

A

for engine leaks and sys.
checks. Starter motor is used

427
Q

Wet motoring is always followed by dry
motoring.

A
428
Q

Wet start

A

normal operation, fuel is sprayed
into the combustion chamber but engine
does not light up. (Due to ignition
malfunction). Dry motoring is need to
remove fuel

429
Q

Engine stall

A

fuel metering is wrong, bleed
valve stuck close, degraded compressor
performance. ( also egt indication
fluctuates) ——patukan to ni sir.

430
Q

First indication of a hot start?

A

egt is higher
than max allowable start value.

431
Q

Hot start causes

A

maybe fuel metering is
wrong or remaining fuel from wet start isn’t
blown out.

432
Q

Nick is more serious than dent

A
433
Q

Ways to inspect an engine

A

borescope,
trend monitoring, lube analysis and vibration
analysis.

434
Q

Preservation of engine

A

to protect against
elements like dirt, corrosion, FOD and etc.

435
Q

Desiccants

A
436
Q

If more than 30 days

A

more comprehensive
preservation is needed.

437
Q

Operable

A

can be started

438
Q
A

M14 (8 decks)

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