2

Question 1

Phases of Cardiac cycle

Answer 1

Mid to late ventricular diastole
Isovolumetric contaction
Mid to late ventricular systole/ ventricular ejection phase
Isovolumetric relaxation

Question 2

Factors influencing EDV

Answer 2

Venous Return
Venomotor tone (venous constriction)
Muscle milking
Respiratory pump

Question 3

Factors influencing Preload

Answer 3

EDV
HR (FILLING TIME)

Question 4

Factors influencing stroke volume

Answer 4

Preload
Contractility
Afterload

Question 5

What is Frank-Starling’s law

Answer 5

Greater the stretch on heart, greater the contraction

Question 6

Factors influencing cardiac output

Answer 6

Stroke volume
Heart rate

Question 7

Factors influencing SV

Answer 7

Preload
Afterload
Contractility

Question 8

Factors influencing TPR

Answer 8

Blood viscosity
Types of vessels
Radius of vessel

Question 9

Factors influencing HR

Answer 9

Sympathetic nervous System (B1&2, +)
Parasympathetic nervous System (M2, -)
Thyroid hormones (T3&4, +)
Drugs
Calcium (+)
Potassium (-)
Body temperature (+)
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Age
Gender

Question 10

What is compliance

Answer 10

Ability to stretch during blood flow
=∆V÷∆P

Question 11

Factors influencing capillary fluid exchange

Answer 11

Hydrostatic Pressure (P)
Oncotic Pressure (π)

Question 12

Formula for net capillary pressure

Answer 12

NP = (Pc -Pi) + (πi - πc)

Question 13

3RD SPACING

Answer 13

movement of fluid to areas fluid shouldn’t be due to excess capillary leaking, eg ascites, pleural effusion

Question 14

Factors influencing PV LOOP

Answer 14

Preload
Afterload
Contractility
Compliance

Question 15

What is PV LOOP

Answer 15

Graph showing LV pressure against volume throughout the cardiac cycle
Graph is square shaped
Area under graph shows cardiac workload

Question 16

What are the conditions that can be seen in PV LOOP graph

Answer 16

Aortic stenosis
Aortic regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation

Question 17

WIGGERS DIAGRAM

Answer 17

Shows all cardiac events occuring in one cardiac cycle

Question 18

S1

Answer 18

End Diastolic sound, mitral valve & tricuspid valve closing

Question 19

S2

Answer 19

End Systolic sound, Aortic valve & pulmonary valve closing

Question 20

S3

Answer 20

Early diastolic sounds. Sound of blood entering a very compliant ventricles (ventricular gallop)

Question 21

S4

Answer 21

Late diastolic sounds, sound of atria pushing blood into stiff ventricles (atrial gallop)

Question 22

S2 split

Answer 22

Difference in closing time for aortic & pulmonary valves