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Question 1

Most common origination site of IVH in infants?

Answer 1

germinal matrix hemorrhages. This increases the risks of motor and ID down the line.

Question 2

What motor protein is responsible for fast anterograde transport?

Answer 2

kinesin

Question 3

How do you calculate sleep restriction therapy time for patients with insomnia?

Answer 3

Calculate mean time in bed, and then mean sleep time over 1-2 weeks. Then restrict sleeping time to the mean sleep time, but not less than 5 hours.

Question 4

gingival hyperplasia is caused by what ASM?

Answer 4

phenytoin

Question 5

If patients on sleep restriction therapy have sleep efficiency >/< what level to make changes?

Answer 5

> 85% = inc time in bed by 15 mins for next 7 days

<80% - dec time in bed by 15 mins

Question 6

Which allele is assoc with a lower risk of AD?

Answer 6

APOE2

Question 7

What changes in rem sleep latency during schizophrenic episode?

Answer 7

REM sleep latency decreases

Question 8

CYP inhibitors?

Answer 8

depakote, fluoxetine, sertraline, fluvoxamine

Question 9

CYP inducers?

Answer 9

phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin, rifampin

Question 10

Which brain structure is assoc with generalized anxiety disorder?

Answer 10

amygdala

Question 11

triad of congenital toxoplasmosis?

Answer 11

hydrocephalus
chorioretinitis
intracranial calcifications

Question 12

Cheyne strokes breathing is associated with a lesion where?

Answer 12

medulla

Question 13

Symptoms for narcolepsy must occur at what frequency to meet criteria?

Answer 13

3x/ week for at least 3 months

Question 14

Cause of congenital hypoventilation syndrome?

Answer 14

Trinucelotide repeats in PHOX2B gene, which contributes to normal autonomic nervous system development

Question 15

Definitions of positive reinforcement/punishment, negative reinforcement/punishment?

Answer 15

Pos reinforcement: addition of a desirable stimulus to inc a behavior
Pos punishment: addition of an undesirable stim to inc a behavior
Neg reinforcement: removal of a undesirable stim to inc a behavior
Neg punishment: removal of a desirable stim to decrease behavior

Question 16

most common side effects of mirtazapine

Answer 16

inc appetite, weight gain, dry mouth and somnolence

Question 17

difference is pathophys between congenital MG and autoimmune MG

Answer 17

autoimmune = ABs against Ach receptors
Congenital= mutation in nAch receptors

Question 18

PD affects more the substantia nigra pars compacta/reticulata?

Answer 18

Compacta: Affected more in PD
Reticulata: serves mainly input, from BG to other brain structures. It is GABAergic.

Question 19

Most common side effect of ECT

Answer 19

anterograde amnesia

not permanent but can last a few days

Question 20

MOA of mirtazapine

Answer 20

antagonist at pre-synaptic alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, with post-synaptic antagonist at 5HT2, 5HT3, H1 receptors.

basically SNRI with a little H1 blocking also.

Question 21

Drugs for Tourette’s Syndrome

Answer 21

ariprazole, haloperidol, pimozide are FDA approved, however guanfacine and clonidine are used as first line (not FDA approved) given their lower side effect profile.

Question 22

Triad of congenital toxo?

Answer 22

hydrocephalus
chorioretinitis
intracranial calcifications

Question 23

ECT can be used in schizophrenia particularly for ?

Answer 23

Catatonia

Question 24

tumors with …. stain positive for GFAP?

Answer 24

astrocyte origin

Question 25

cytokeratin usually stains positive for?

Answer 25

metastatic tumors

Question 26

HIV associated neuropathy is often?

Answer 26

distal symmetric axonal polyneuropathy

Question 27

criteria for depression with atypical features?

Answer 27

Question 28

Stages of grief?

Answer 28

Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

Question 29

mutation in which gene is assoc with predisposition to develop statin induced myopathy?

Answer 29

SLCO1B

Question 30

infant with normal development with subsequent regression in a female is?

Answer 30

Rett Syndrome: MEPC2 gene mutation on X chromosome involved in MEthyl CPg binding protein 2

Question 31

Fragile X mutation

Answer 31

CGG repeat on FMR1 gene

Question 32

What are cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis?

Answer 32

cortical hamartomas

Question 33

Tay Sachs Disease GM2 gangliosidosis Types?

Answer 33

Tay Sachs Disease is GM2 gangiosidosis type A: purely CNS and due to hexosaminidase A def. Sandoffs Disease is due to deficiency of type A and type B: CNS + hepatosplenomegaly

Question 34

cherry red spot?

Answer 34

sialidosis tay sachs niemann pick

Question 35

Involvement of U fibers

Answer 35

alexander disease: megalencephaly due to GFAP mutation canavan's disease: megalencephaly due to N-acetylaspartic acid peak (asprtoacyclase deficiency)

Question 36

sparing of U fibers

Answer 36

adrenoleukodystrophy: ABCD1 mutation causing inc of VLCFA Krabbe: galactocerebrosidase deficiency Metachromatic leukodys.: deficiency of lysosomal aryl sulfatase

Question 37

Syneuclinopathies vs Tauopathies

Answer 37

Question 38

diagnosis of MDD is made when?

Answer 38

at least TWO major depressive episodes at least 2 months apart

Question 39

brain metabolism changes associated with MDD?

Answer 39

orbitofrontal is hypermetabolic and dorsal prefrontal cortex is hypometabolic

Question 40

what is hypomania?

Answer 40

mania but more mild, patient usually has insight and is without significant functional impairment.

Question 41

cyclothymic disorder?

Answer 41

mypomania + depressive sx (that do not make criteria for MDD) that have been oscillating for 2+ years

Question 42

schizo disorders based on time?

Answer 42

<1 mo: brief psychotic disorder 1-6mo: schizophreniform 6+: schizophrenia

Question 43

difference between OCD and OCPD?

Answer 43

OCD has specific distinguishable obsessions.

Question 44

conduct disorder vs antisocial personality disorder?

Answer 44

less than 18 vs over 18

Question 45

MDD vs dysthymia/persistent depressive disorder

Answer 45

MDD is usually multiple episodes of depression with dysthymia is constantly chronically depressed.

Question 46

Erikson's stages of development

Answer 46

Question 47

Side effects of lithium

Answer 47

Tremor Nephrogenic DI (hyperNa) Hypothyroidism Pregnancy issues Acne

Question 48

TMS for depression targets where in the brain

Answer 48

LEFT dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 49

MOA or ropinirole for RLS?

Answer 49

Dopamine agonist

Question 50

papez circuit?

Answer 50

entorhinal cortex -> hippocampus -> fornix -> mammillary bodies ->anterior nucleus of thalamus -> cingulate gyrus -> entorhinal cortex

Question 51

What is the first histologic sign of AD?

Answer 51

Amyloid deposition in cortical and leptomeningeal blood vessel walls, followed by : tangles,plaques, hirano bodies, etc

Question 52

dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus function

Answer 52

abulia anterograde amnesia social disinhibition (A-hole) motivation (a-motivation)

Question 53

anterior nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 53

limbic system and memory formation for papez circuit

Question 54

pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus?

Answer 54

processing visual info and sensory integration

Question 55

VPL of thalamus?

Answer 55

sensory info of body

Question 56

VPM of thalamus?

Answer 56

sensory info of face

Question 57

akinetic mutism can be caused by?

Answer 57

bilateral globus pallidus interna lesions

Question 58

triad and localization of Balint Syndrome?

Answer 58

Optic ataxia (difficult reaching for objects under visual guidance) oculomotor apraxia (inability to voluntarily move the eye muscles to a new point of fixation despite intact EOM) simultanagnosia (inability to visually perceive more than one object at a time)

Question 59

transcortical motor aphasia

Answer 59

broca with intact repetiton (nonfluent, comprehending, and repeating)

Question 60

transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 60

wernicke with intact repetition (fluent, noncomprehending, repeating)