Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EMP > 2. 11/09 F + E > Flashcards

2. 11/09 F + E Flashcards

1
Q
  1. antr pit gland
A

produces follicle stimulating hormone and leutinising hormone which influences the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

primary hormones secreted by hypothalamus

A
  • corticotrophins releasing hormone (CRH)
  • gonadotrophin releasing hormone GnRh
  • growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH/GH inhibiting hormone GHIH aka somatostatin
  • prolactin releasing hormone / prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH aka dopamine
  • thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH
  • anti diuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

reproduction cycle phases + locations

A

pituitary; brain
ovarian; ovaries
menstrual; uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pituitary cycle

A
  1. Hypothalamus receives positive feedback and releases GnRH to anterior pituitary, either releases FSH or LH depending on stage of menstrual cycle.
  2. FSH —> Graafian follicle.
  3. Oestrogen produced, negative feedback to antr pit. Antr pit stops producing FSH and starts LH, GF ruptures and ovulation occurs. /
  4. Egg released and looking for sperm, LH increases.
  5. LH —> CL formed, producing estrogen and progesterone, preparing for implantation, however if no implantation the CL degenerates, causing menstruation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Graafian follicle development

A

primordial follicle, early primary follicle, late primary follicle, secondary primary follicle, Graafian follicle (FP) , rupturing follicle (O) corpus luteum (LS), corpus albicans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular/proliferative phase
  • ovulation
  • luteal/secretory phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

follicular/proliferative phase

A
  • follicles enlarge and one matures, or ripens, each month (Graafian Follicle).
  • graafian follicle swells and becomes tense.
  • oestrogen dominant.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ovulation

A
  • releases ovum into fimbulated end of uterine tube. ​
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

luteal/secretory phase

A
  • cells of the ruptured follicle proliferate to make structure irregular in shape and yellow in colour ‘Corpus Luteum’
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ovarian hormones which influence reproduction cycle

A

oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

oestrogen effect on repro cycle

A
  • ​inhibits FSH release so only one egg matures in a cycle.
  • stimulates the pituitary gland to release the hormone LH.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

progesterone effect on repro cycle

A
  • acts on the endometrium to prepare for implantation.
  • raises body temperature by 0.5°C after ovulation and causes tingling and sense of fullness of breasts prior to menstruation.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

relaxin influence on repro cycle

A
  • small amounts cause uterine quiescence which is the ideal environment for fertilised oocyte to implant.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

repro cycle summary; follicular

A

FSH stimulates growth of several follicles, dominant follicle secretes oestrogen, oestrogen inhibits growth of other follicles (and FSH), oestrogen stimulates development endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

repro cycle summary; ovulation

A

surge in LH causes ovulation, rupturing of follicle creates corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

repro cycle summary; luteal

A

CL secretes P+E, P stimulates development of endometrium
E + P inhibit FSH + LH, CL degenerates over time, CL degrades and P levels drop
without P, endometrium cannot be maintained so endometrium is sloughed away -menstruation
no longer inhibited, FSH can start menstrual cycle again
if fertilisation occurs, the zygote releases a hormone hog which maintains the CL.

17
Q

corticotrophin releasing hormone CRH

A

stimulates ACTH release from antr pit

18
Q

gonadotrophin releasing hormone GnRH

A

stimulate FSH and LH release from antr pit

19
Q

growth hormone releasing hormone GHRH/GH inhibiting hormone GHIH aka somatostatin

A

stimulate growth hormone GH/GHIH release from antr pit

20
Q

prolactin releasing hormone/prolactin inhibiting hormone PIH aka dopamine

A

stimulate prolactin release from antr pit

21
Q

thyrotropin releasing hormone TRH

A

stimulate TSH release from antr pit

22
Q

anti diuretic hormone ADH and oxytocin

A

post pit hormone

23
Q

ovulation monitoring

A

​ - calendar method
- basal body temperature (progesterone causes temp spike)
- billings method/family planning
- ovulation strip
- ovulation Cassette
- ovulation microscope
- intake of Alkaline food

24
Q

indication by cervical mucus

A
  • cervical mucus test; 12-14 days of cycle. The mucus increases in amount in the preovulatory estrogen dominated phase; watery, clear, copious, acellular, excellent spinnberkeit>8cm long , has fan pattern when dried.
  • 13-14 day egg yolk signifies ovulation will occur in the next couple hours.
  • cervical mucus decreases in amount, changes in character, no longer dries in a fan pattern in the luteal phase.
25
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • start at puberty.
  • production under the effect of LH&FSH.
  • LH stimulate the production of testosterone from the testes.
  • some testosterone comes from adrenal gland above the kidney.
  • stored at epididymis for maturation and motility.
  • takes an average of 74days {60-80days}.
  • men may produce between two milliliters and five milliliters of semen each time they ejaculate, and that each milliliter may contain from 20 million to 300 million sperm cells.
26
Q

fertilisation

A

​ - fertilisation (conception) is fusion of genetic material from male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (oocyte) which forms diploid zygote (fertilised cell).
- process takes approx. 12-24hours.
- normally occurs in ampulla of uterine tube.
- the oocyte is moved along the tube by cilia, at the same time, the cervix, which is under the influence of oestrogen secretes a flow of alkaline mucus that attracts sperm.

27
Q

development of zygote

A

1 - pre embryonic period; fertilisation to week 2 (zygote)
- 2nd week development
- implantation
2 - embryonic period; week 2 to 8 (embryo)
- 3rd week development
- trophoblast

28
Q

1 - pre embryonic period; fertilisation to week 2 (zygote)
- 2nd week development

A

​ - the second week of development is known as the week of twos:
- the trophoblast differentiates into two layers, the cytotrophoblast and
syncytiotrophoblast.
- the embryoblast forms two layers, the epiblast and hypoblast.
- the extra embryonic mesoderm splits into two layers, the somatopleure and splanchnopleure. And two cavities, the amniotic and yolk sac cavities, form.

29
Q

1 - pre embryonic period; fertilisation to week 2 (zygote)
- implantation

A
  • implantation occurs at the end of the first week.
  • zona pellucida degenerates.
  • enzyme secreted by trophoblast cells digests decidua cells of endometrium.
  • blastocyst enters into the spongy layer of the decidua and becomes
    embedded - embedding is also termed nidation (nesting).
  • embedding complete by day 11 following ovulation.
  • the only evidence of the presence of the blastocyst is a small bulge on the surface of the decidua.
30
Q

2 - embryonic period; week 2 to 8 (embryo)
- 3rd week development

A
  • third week of gestation is gastrulation, the process that establishes all three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm).
    • gastrulation begins with formation of the primitive streak on the surface of the epiblast.
31
Q

primitive streak

A

ectoderm - Brain, spinal cord, skin
mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, kidneys, heart
endoderm - GI tract, lungs

32
Q

2 - embryonic period; week 2 to 8 (zygote)
- trophoblast

A

Trophoblast (outer cells of blastocyst) develops chorionic villi:
- chorionic frondosum - placenta
- chorion leave – chorionic membrane
Trophoblastic cells differentiate:
- syncitiotrophoblast
- cytotrophoblast
- mesoderm

33
Q

devlopment of zygote

A

egg,
zygote,
2 cell stage,
4 cell stage,
morula,
blastocyst,
embryoblastocyst,
trophoblast

EMP (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions