1st Week Flashcards
Anatomical points of respiratory system to remember
• Lungs are symmetric
• Divided into lobes,right got 3 lobes(upper,middle,lower),left got 2 lobes(upper,lower).
From behind,they both seem 2 lobes,upper and lower.
• Primary muscles of respiration: Diaphragm(divides the chest from abdomen),external intercostal muscles,accessory muscles
SACRED SEVEN OF HISTORY TAKING
❖ Location of the pain?
❖ Quality of the pain?
❖ Quantity of the pain? Is it severe or mild?
❖ Time of the pain? When does it come?
❖ Setting in which it occurs? When I clean my shop,I have dyspnea…
❖ Aggravating,relieving factors? When I go to my summer home,my dysnpea disappears…
❖ Associating manifestations? When I have dyspnea,I have wheezing too…
In inspection we should consider these.
- If the nails,skin,lips are cyanotic:Oxygenation problem
- If respiration is recognized by the patient:Dyspnea
- If smaller than 12-Bradypnea,if bigger than 18-Tachypnea
- There must be a normal amount of expansion of chest during respiration-In healthy adult it is about 3 to 5 cm.
- Symmetry of chest expansion-Both hemithoraxes should be equal during respiration
- Are there any requirement to use the accessory muscles during respiration-Like SCM
- Shape abnormality-Kyphosis,scoliosis,Barrel shaped chest(Amphysema),Flattening(Pectus excavatus)
- Transverse diameter must be>Anteroposterior diameter
Tachypnea happens when there is:
a. Feverish disease
b. Pneumonia
c. Atelectasis
d. Pleurisy
e. Heart failure
f. Anemia
g. Hyperthyroidism
Atelectasis?
Atelectasis is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid. Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing (respiratory) complications after surgery.
Pleurisy?
Pleurisy is a condition in which the pleura — two large, thin layers of tissue that separate your lungs from your chest wall — becomes inflamed. Also called pleuritis, pleurisy causes sharp chest pain (pleuritic pain) that worsens during breathing.
Bradypnea happens when there is:
a. Sleep
b. Increased Intracranial pressure
c. Drug use
d. Hypnotic drugs
Pectus carinatum?
Güvercin göğsü
Harrison sulcus may be seen in pectus carinatum.
The Harrison Sulcus?
The Harrison sulcus or Harrison groove refers to a groove at the lower end of the rib cage seen in young children/infants with abnormally weak bones (e.g. rickets) or chronic respiratory disease (e.g. severe asthma).
Pectus excavatum?
Kunduracı göğsü
These problems are generally appear by birth.
Scoliosis
Skolyoz ya da omurga eğriliği, omurganın sağ ya da sol yana doğru eğilmesi sonucu oluşan ortopedik bir sorundur. Sıklıkla ergenlikten hemen önce görülen büyüme hamlesi sırasında ortaya çıkar. Serebral palsi ve kas distrofisi gibi bazı durumlar nedeniyle ortaya çıkabilen skolyozun nedeni çoğu olguda açık değildir.
Kyphosis
Kifoz, üst sırttaki omurganın deformite nedeniyle aşırı bir dış eğri şeklinde kamburlaşmasıdır.
Lymph node enlargement may be caused by:
- Tuberculosis lymphadenitis
- Metastasis of a tumor
- Lymphoma
Normal Breath
Regular and comfortable
12 to 20 breath per minute
Cheyne Stokes Respiration?
Cheyne–Stokes respiration is an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper, and sometimes faster, breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea. The pattern repeats, with each cycle usually taking 30 seconds to 2 minutes.
• Can ocur in healthy people during sleep at high altitudes
• Can occur in all forms of toxic metabolic encephalopathy
• A symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning,along w/syncope or coma
• Also often seen after morphine administration
