1st Test

Question 1

Chinese concept of Power

Answer 1

Power as a macht. Focus on capacities to coerce. “Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. Our principle is that the Party command the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party”.

Question 2

Chinese Soft Power

Answer 2

China is aware of the two notions of power and the importance of soft power. China has been trying to present itself as benevolent power, against western power.

Question 3

Special Administrative regions

Answer 3

• Hong Kong e Macau; One China Principle.
• Governmental, legal, economic, financial and foreign trade autonomy.

Question 4

Power projection capability

Answer 4

At the moment, it is the USA the only power that has real power projection capability.

Question 5

Sinocapitalism

Answer 5

“It is a capitalist system that is already global in reach but one that differs from Anglo-American capitalism in important respects. Sinocapitalism relies on informal business networks rather than on legal codes and transparent rules. It also assigns the Chinese state a leading role in fostering and guiding capitalist accumulation”

Question 6

Socialist Market Economy

Answer 6

• Privately-owned enterprises, state-owned enterprises, collective owned-enterprises. Interventionism; Control the order.
• A socialist market economy is a system of government that attempts to strike a balance between pure capitalism and social welfare.

Question 7

3 “Represents”

Answer 7

• The Three Represents defines the role of the CCP, ratified in 2002.
• Representing the development trend of China’s advanced productive forces.
• Representing the orientation of China’s advanced culture.
• Representing the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the Chinese People.

Question 8

Reform and opening (gaige kaifang)

Answer 8

1978 com Deng Xiaoping: agricultural reform (decommunization and return to family farming), diplomatic relations with USA, end of class labels, beginning of opening, end of “iron bowl” policy.

Question 9

ZEE’s

Answer 9

Part of the gaige kaifang, they were laboratories of capitalism, free market policies.

Question 10

Belt and Road Initiative

Answer 10

• A response to the ‘infrastructure gap’ and ‘a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future’. Initial investment of 900bi; Encompasses 65% of humanity. Heartland. Accusations of “dept trap diplomacy”.
• The idea is to make partnerships that have the objective of importing and exporting commodities, but mainly building of infrastructure to create a network of transportation (people, goods…)

Question 11

International system

Answer 11

Segundo Hedley Bull, um sistema internacional é formado quando Estados têm um contato suficiente entre si, assim como um impacto suficiente nas decisões de outros, para fazer do comportamento de um deles um elemento necessário nos cálculos do outro.

Question 12

International society

Answer 12

“International society comes into being when a group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, forms a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions” (Bull, 1977)

Question 13

Pluralist vs solidarism society debate

Answer 13

• From an analytical perspective: pluralism and solidarismo are extremes of a spectrum.
• Pluralist - great political and cultural diversity; significant mutual distrust between states; maximum value is oder; main institutions are sovereignty, non-intervention, balance of power, diplomacy, limited war.
• Solidarist - less political and cultural diversity; Greater trust between states; value of order coupled with value of justice; main institutions are flexible sovereignty and non-intervention, human rights, diplomacy.
• From a normative perspective: Debate about better form of global international society.

Question 14

Unequal Treaties

Answer 14

part of the Century of the humiliation; Treaty of Nanking and Convention of Peking: Loss of Hong Kong and establishment of extraterritoriality. An european would not be judged by Chinese laws.

Question 15

May Fourth movement

Answer 15

• Student and young intellectual revolts against Versailles secret settlements and Qing heritage. Went against some Confucianist thoughts. First time something like this happens.
• United in the idea that China needs modernization, and that meant a revolt against many of tradición Chinese values, which were maintaining aspects of imperial rules. China needs to embrace a new culture, which is capable of competing against Western modernization. For the first time in history, a significant part of the population sought a “new culture”, with new values. China might need to learn from the outside
• Emergence of the Nationalist Party (KMT) and Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Question 16

Shanghai Massacre

Answer 16

• The masscred of the CCP by the KMT after the first united front (in order to fight a common enemy, japanese influence in manchuria) during the Northern Expedition of Nati9onal Revolutionary Army.
• Once NENRA became powerful and able to really confront the Japanese, and due to the fact that during those events the Communist were gaining power, Chiang Kai-shek decided to assassinate Communist sympathizers and leaders, due to fear that it would become the ruling party in China.

Question 17

The Long March

Answer 17

• Fuga do CCP a pé para o interior da china.
• However, they had to flee the cities after the Shanghai massacre, to rural areas. Adaptation to the new reality: there is not only proletarian classes, but also a proletarian world. Not only proletarians but all dispossessed classes (the Russian communist/USSR flag is based on this idea). Mao takes this idea further and says that the force of the revolution lies outside the cities, and is formed outside the cities, although the revolution also would be brought into the cities.

Question 18

Five Year Plan

Answer 18

After the CCP inherit a deeply fractured, impoverished China. Goals: Rebuild institutions, rebuild economy, secure China internationally. Land reform (collectivization). Cold War context and to not become dependent on western economies.

Question 19

The great leap forward.

Answer 19

The goal was to unleash the great productive power of the masses. Peasants called to increase production, industrialize agriculture, provide resources for cities, without increase financial input into the countryside. Reinforcement of egalitarianism, suspicion of technical knowledge and professionalization of society. Sino-soviet friction about the true communism. Critics of Great Leap forward purged. Estimated 30 million dead from starvation.

Question 20

Iron Bowl Policy

Answer 20

Post-Great Leap Period. People are signed to a workplace and have a guarantee that they will always have that job, but difficulties to change jobs or to ascend in hierarchy. There is security but not mobility capacities.

Question 21

Danwei system

Answer 21

regime of habitation; people allowed to have a house but people can only move with State authorization.

Question 22

Cultural Revolution

Answer 22

• Expression of a struggle in the CCP between Mao’s faction and Deng’s faction
• Goals: Control bureaucracy and technical experts, undermine Liu Shaoqi wing, create new generation of revolutionaries, promote egalitarianism in cities and countryside. Creation of Red Guards to “bombard the headquarters”. Created an out of control spiral of violence and anarchy and Mao tried to contain it.

Question 23

Seek Truth from facts

Answer 23

Deng Xiaoping proposes interpretation as ‘seek truth from facts, and make practice the sole criterion of truth’ (Ideological practices are valid if they can be adapted and brought into reality, not so much ‘empty-talk’) to undermine the almost divine vision of Mao.

Question 24

Four Modernizations

Answer 24

Modernization of agriculture; industry; science and technology; and national defense.

Question 25

Democracy Wall

Answer 25

From November 1978 to December 1979, thousands of people put up “big character posters” on a long brick wall of Xidan Street, Xicheng District of Beijing, to protest about the political and social issues of China.

Question 26

Socialism with chinese characteristics

Answer 26

• Socialism with Chinese characteristics (Chinese: 中国特色社会主义; pinyin: Zhōngguó tèsè shèhuìzhǔyì) is a set of political theories and policies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that are seen by their proponents as representing Marxism–Leninism adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods.
• Own path of socialism, integration of liberal capitalist model into China

Question 27

Four Cardinal Principles of gaige kaifang

Answer 27

• Principle of upholding the socialist path.
• Principle of upholding the people’s democratic dictatorship
• Principle of upholding Marxism-Leninism Mao Zedong thought.
• Principle of upholding the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party.

Question 28

Tiananmen Massacre

Answer 28

• Death and funeral of Hu Yaobang. Students and workers protests; Contestation over ‘capitalism’, ‘socialism’ and ‘democracy’. Very diverse movement: Calls for greater democratization, press freedom, but also combat to corruption and control of market opening.
• Gorbachev visit to Beijing and the press. Around 900-3000 deaths.

Question 29

China Dream

Answer 29

Strong China, Civilized China, Harmonious China, Beautiful China.

Question 30

Hu Jintao Years

Answer 30

• Socialist harmonious society. Rebalance growing wealth asymmetries amongst population and between regions, fight corruption, ensure professionalization, democratization and efficiency.
• “Peaceful Development” and “Harmonious World”

Question 31

Country Diplomacy

Answer 31

“Telling China Story well”; Beijing Consensus (china’s model as new option for developing countries; investment in infrastructure without imposing anything back but the payment); Foreign Policy Mechanisms (peripheral diplomacy and the belt and road); Influence in multilateral institutions.

Question 32

China’s Foreign Policy Under Mao Zedong

Answer 32

• Soviet Stage
  -Isolationist Revolutionary Stage (Sino-soviet competition in 3rd world)
• Sino-American Rapprochement (henry kissinger detente strategy and commits to One-China-Policy).