1st set Flashcards
A 74-year-woman consults you because of tremor and difficulty completing her daily tasks on time. She has hypertension and takes hydro-chlorothiazide 25 mg every morning. She does not smoke and uses alcohol infrequently. On examination, her BP is 126/84; her vital signs are otherwise unremarkable. Eye movements are normal as are her reflexes and motor strength. She moves slowly; her timed get-up-and-go test takes 24 seconds (normal 10 seconds). She has a slow resting tremor with a frequency of about 3/second; the tremor is more prominent on the right than the left. The tremor decreases with intentional movement. Her handwriting has deteriorated and is small and crabbed. Which therapy is most likely to improve her functional disabilities?
A. Switching her antihypertensive to propranolol 20 mg po bid
B. Benztropine mesylate 0.5 mg po tid
C. Lorazepam 0.5 mg po tid
D. Ropinirole beginning at a dose of 0.25 mg tid
E. Carbidopa/levodopa beginning at a dose of one-half of a 25 mg/100 mg tablet tid
E. Carbidopa/levodopa beginning at a dose of one-half of a 25 mg/100 mg tablet tid
A 48-year-old woman presents with a change in bowel habit and 10-Ib weight loss over the past 2 months despite preservation of appetite. She notices increased abdominal gas, particularly after fatty meals. The stools are malodorous and occur 2 to 3 times per day; no rectal bleeding is noticed. The symptoms are less prominent when she follows a clear liquid diet. Which of the following is the most likely histological abnormality associated with this patient’s symptoms?
A. Signet ring cells on gastric biopsy
B. Mucosal inflammation and crypt abscesses on sigmoidoscopy
C. Villous atrophy and increased lymphocytes in the lamina propria on small bowel biopsy
D. Small, curved gram-negative bacteria in areas of intestinal metaplasia on gastric biopsy
E. Periportal inflammation on liver biopsy
C. Villous atrophy and increased lymphocytes in the lamina propria on small bowel biopsy
A 36-year-old female complains of inability to lose weight despite low-calorie diet and daily exercise. She has also noticed that she is cold intolerant. She is wearing a jacket even though it is summer. She also reports constipation and hair loss. These symptoms have been worsening over the past 2 to 3 months. An elevated TSH and low total and free T 4 confirm your suspicion of hypothyroidism. You suspect the etiology of this patient’s hypothyroidism to be autoimmune thyroiditis.
What is the best test to confirm the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis?
A. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb)
B. Antinuclear antibody
C. 24-hour radioactive iodine uptake
D. Thyroid ultrasound
E. Thyroid aspiration
A. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb)
A 47-year-old man who had a splenectomy after a childhood accident develops shaking chills and dies within 8 hours from refractory hypotension and respiratory failure. What is the most likely organism?
F. Streptococcus pneumoniae
G. Staphylococcus aureus
H. Viridans streptococci
I. Providencia stuartii|
J. Actinomyces israelii
K. Haemophilus ducreyi
L. Neisseria meningitidis
M. Listeria monocytogenes
F. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Three weeks after an upper respiratory illness, a 25-year-old male develops weakness of his legs over several days. On physical examination he has 4/5 strength in his arms but only 2/5 in the legs bilaterally. There is no sensory deficit, but motor reflexes in the legs cannot be elicited. During a 2-day observation period the weakness ascends, and he begins to notice increasing weakness of the hands. He notices mild tingling, but the sensory examination continues to be normal.
The workup of this patient is most likely to show which of the following?
A. Acellular spinal fluid with high protein
B. Abnormal EMG/NCV showing axonal degeneration
C. Positive edrophonium (Tensilon) test
D. Elevated CK
E. Respiratory alkalosis on arterial blood gas
A. Acellular spinal fluid with high protein
A 73-year-old man has had 3 episodes of visual loss in the right eye. The episodes last 20 to 30 minutes and resolve
completely. He describes the sensation as like a window shade being pulled down in front of the eye. He has a history of hypertension and tobacco use. He denies dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations, or unilateral weakness or numbness. On examination the patient appears healthy; his vital signs are normal and the neurological examination is unremarkable. An ECG shows normal sinus rhythm without evidence of ischemia or hypertrophy. Initial laboratory studies are normal. Both noncontrast CT scan of the head and MR scan of the brain are normal. What is the best next step in this patient’s management?
A. Begin anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin.
B. Obtain an echocardiogram.
C. Check for antiphospholipid antibodies and homocysteine levels.
D. Order a carotid duplex ultrasonogram and begin antiplatelet therapy.
E. Begin lamotrigine for probable nonconvulsive seizure.
D. Order a carotid duplex ultrasonogram and begin antiplatelet therapy.
A 32-year-old woman complains of severe seasonal allergies. Every year from April through July she is miserable with sneezing, nasal congestion, and watery itchy eyes. Antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, nasal saline washes, eye drops, and attempts to avoid potential antigens have proven unsuccessful. She requests referral to an allergist for “allergy shots.” What advice should you give her about immunotherapy (hyposensitization) for her allergic symptoms?
A. Immunotherapy is useful is asthma but not in allergic rhinitis.
B. Immunotherapy can be used in allergic rhinitis because there is no risk.
C. The beneficial effect of immunotherapy goes away as soon as the shots are discontinued.
D. Immunotherapy against respiratory organisms can decrease the incidence of bacterial sinusitis.
E. Immunotherapy requires the identification of specific antigen by dermal or serum testing.
E. Immunotherapy requires the identification of specific antigen by dermal or serum testing.
A 73-year-old man has had 3 episodes of visual loss in the right eye. The episodes last 20 to 30 minutes and resolve completely. He describes the sensation as like a window shade being pulled down in front of the eye. He has a history of hypertension and tobacco use. He denies dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations, or unilateral weakness or numbness. On examination the patient appears healthy; his vital signs are normal and the neurological examination is unremarkable. An ECG shows normal sinus rhythm without evidence of ischemia or hypertrophy. Initial laboratory studies are normal. Both noncontrast CT scan of the head and MR scan of the brain are normal. What is the best next step in this patient’s management?
A. Begin anticoagulation with low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin.
B. Obtain an echocardiogram.
C. Check for antiphospholipid antibodies and homocysteine levels.
D. Order a carotid duplex ultrasonogram and begin antiplatelet therapy.
E. Begin lamotrigine for probable nonconvulsive seizure.
D. Order a carotid duplex ultrasonogram and begin antiplatelet therapy.
A 32-year-old woman complains of severe seasonal allergies. Every year from April through July she is miserable with sneezing, nasal congestion, and watery itchy eyes. Antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, nasal saline washes, eye drops, and attempts to avoid potential antigens have proven unsuccessful. She requests referral to an allergist for “allergy shots.” What advice should you give her about immunotherapy (hyposensitization) for her allergic symptoms?
A. Immunotherapy is useful is asthma but not in allergic rhinitis.
B. Immunotherapy can be used in allergic rhinitis because there is no risk.
C. The beneficial effect of immunotherapy goes away as soon as the shots are discontinued.
D. Immunotherapy against respiratory organisms can decrease the incidence of bacterial sinusitis.
E. Immunotherapy requires the identification of specific antigen by dermal or serum testing.
E. Immunotherapy requires the identification of specific antigen by dermal or serum testing.
An 18-year-old male has been seen in the clinic for urethral discharge. He is treated with ceftriaxone, but the discharge has not resolved and the culture has returned as no growth. Which of the following is the most likely etiologic agent to cause this infection?
A. Ceftriaxone-resistant gonococci
B. Chlamydia psittaci
C. Chlamydia trachomatis
D. Herpes simplex
E. Chlamydia pneumoniae
C. Chlamydia trachomatis
A 20-year-old female competitive swimmer notes that her arms now ache after swimming one or two laps, and she is unable to continue. She has had night sweats and a 10-lb weight loss. Pulses in the upper extremity are difficult to palpate. Select the most probable diagnosis for this patient.
A. Churg Strauss syndrome
B. Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
C. Temporal arteritis
D. Wegener granulomatosis
E. Takayasu arteritis
F. Polyarteritis nodosa
G. Henoch-Schönlein purpura
E. Takayasu arteritis
A 50-year-old female presents with complaints of more than 10 severe hot flashes per day. Her last menstrual period was 13 months ago. She denies fatigue, constipation, or weight gain. Current medical issues include osteopenia diagnosed by central DXA. Family history is positive for hypertension in her father and osteoporosis in her mother. The patient uses no medications other than calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Physical examination reveals weight 145 Ibs, height 5ft 6 in, BMI 24, BP 126/64, HR 68. Otherwise the examination is normal.
Screening laboratory studies:
Fasting glucose: 98
Cholesterol: 200 mg/dL
LDL: 100 mg/dL
Triglycerides: 150 mg/dL
HDL: 50 mg/dL
TSH: 1.0 mU/L
The patient requests hormone therapy to decrease hot flashes. Which of the following statements is true regarding hormone replacement therapy?
A. Progesterone therapy alone can alleviate hot flashes.
B. Hormone therapy does not affect bone density.
C. Her symptoms do not warrant systemic HT.
D. Oral estrogen therapy does not affect lipid levels.
E. The risk of breast cancer is directly related to duration of estrogen use.
E. The risk of breast cancer is directly related to duration of estrogen use.
A 25-year-old PhD candidate recently traveled to Central America for 1 month to gain information regarding thesocioeconomics of that region. While there, he took ciprofloxacin twice a day for 5 days for diarrhea. However, over the 2 to 3 weeks since coming home, he has continued to have occasional loose stools plus vague abdominal discomfort and bloating. There has been no rectal bleeding. Which of the following therapies is most likely to relieve this traveler’s diarrhea?
A. Another course of ciprofloxacin
B. Doxycycline
C. Metronidazole
D. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
E. Oral glucose-electrolyte solution
C. Metronidazole
After being stung by a yellow jacket, a 14-year-old develops the sudden onset of hoarseness and shortness of breath. An urticarial rash is noted. Which of the following is the most important first step in treatment?
A. An antihistamine
B. Epinephrine
C. Venom immunotherapy
D. Corticosteroids
E. Removal of the stinger
B. Epinephrine
A 22-year-old man develops the insidious onset of low-back pain improved with exercise and worsened by rest. There is no history of diarrhea, conjunctivitis, urethritis, rash, or nail changes. On examination, the patient has loss of mobility with respect to lumbar flexion and extension. He has a kyphotic posture. A plain film of the spine shows sclerosis of the sacroiliac joints. Calcification is noted in the anterior spinal ligament. Which of the following best characterizes this patient’s disease process?
A. He is most likely to have acute lumbosacral back strain and requires bed rest.
B. The patient has a spondyloarthropathy, most likely ankylosing spondylitis.
C. The patient is likely to die from pulmonary fibrosis and extrathoracic restrictive lung disease.
D. A rheumatoid factor is likely to be positive.
E. A colonoscopy is likely to show Crohn disease
B. The patient has a spondyloarthropathy, most likely ankylosing spondylitis.
A 50-year-old female is 5 ft 7 in tall and weighs 185 lb. There is a family history of diabetes mellitus. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) is 160 mg/dL and 155 mg/dL on two occasions. HgA1c is 7.8%. You educate the patient on medical nutrition therapy. She returns for reevaluation in 8 weeks. She states she has followed diet and exercise recommendations but her FBG remains between 130 and 140 and HgA1C is 7.3%. She is asymptomatic, and physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the treatment of choice?
A. Thiazolidinediones
B. Encourage compliance with medical nutrition therapy
C. Insulin
D. Metformin
E. Observation with repeat HgA1C in 6 weeks.
D. Metformin
A 90-year-old male complains of hip and back pain. He has also developed headaches, hearing loss, and tinnitus. On physical examination the skull appears enlarged, with prominent superficial veins. There is marked kyphosis, and the bones of the leg appear deformed. Serum alkaline phosphatase is elevated. Calcium and phosphorus levels are normal. Skull x-ray shows sharply demarcated lucencies in the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones. X-rays of the hip show thickening of the pelvic brim. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Multiple myeloma
B. Paget disease
C. Vitamin D intoxication
D. Metastatic bone disease
E. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
B. Paget disease
A 67-year-old African American man complains of tendency toward urinary retention. Digital rectal examination reveals enlarged prostate. The initial choice of an antihypertensive or the addition of further agents) to the regimen may depend on concomitant factors. Indicate the medication choice that would give the best additional benefit in addition to blood pressure control.
A. Alpha-blocker
B. Beta-blocker
C. Calcium-channel blocker
D. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
E. Centrally acting alpha agonist
F. Diuretic
A. Alpha-blocker
A 60-year-old woman complains of fever and constant left lower quadrant pain of 2 days duration. She has not had vomiting or rectal bleeding. She has a history of hypertension but is otherwise healthy. She has never had similar abdominal pain, and has had no previous surgeries. Her only regular medication is lisinopril. On examination blood pressure is 150/80, pulse 110, and temperature 38.9°C (102°F). She has normal bowel sounds and left lower quadrant abdominal tenderness with rebound. A complete blood count reveals WBC= 28,000. Serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine and liver function tests are normal. What is the next best step in evaluating this patient’s problem?
A. Colonoscopy
B. Barium enema
C. Exploratory laparotomy
D. Ultrasound of the abdomen
E. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis
E. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis
A 40-year-old construction worker has noted increasing shortness of breath and cough over many years. On physical examination bilateral inspiratory crackles are heard. Chest x-ray shows egg shell calcifications in hilar adenopathy and bilateral small nodular interstitial markings in the upper lobes. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Small cell carcinoma of the lung
B. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma of the lung
C. Silicosis
D. Pneumonia
E. Cystic fibrosis
F. Hodgkin disease
G. Asbestosis
H. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Silicosis
A 60-year-old male complains of hematuria and an aching pain in his right flank. Laboratory data show normal BUN, creatinine, and electrolytes. Hemoglobin is elevated at 18 g/dL and serum calcium is 11 mg/dL. A solid renal mass is found by ultrasound. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Polycystic kidney disease
B. Pheochromocytoma
C. Adrenal carcinoma
D. Renal adenomyolipoma
E. Renal carcinoma
E. Renal carcinoma
A 20-year-old female develops urticaria that lasts for 6 weeks and then resolves spontaneously. She gives no history of weight loss, fever, rash, or tremulousness. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the urticaria?
A. Connective tissue disease
B. Hyperthyroidism
C. Chronic infection
D. Food allergy
E. Not likely to be determined
E. Not likely to be determined
A 19-year-old male presents with a 1-week history of malaise and anorexia followed by fever and sore throat. On physical examination, the throat is inflamed without exudate. There are a few palatal petechiae. Cervical adenopathy is present. The liver span is 12 cm and the spleen is palpable.
* Throat culture: negative for group A streptococci
* Hgb: 12.5, Hct: 38%
* Reticulocytes: 4%
* WBC: 14, 000/uL
* Segmented: 30%
* Lymphocytes: 60%
* Monocytes: 10%
* Bilirubin total: 2.0 mg/dL (normal 0.2 to 1.2)
* Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) serum: 260 IU/L (normal 20 to 220)
* Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 40 U/L (normal 8 to 20 U/L)
* Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 35 U/L (normal 8 to 20 U/L)
* Alkaline phosphatase: 40 IU/L (normal 35 to 125)
Which of the following is the most important initial test combination to order?
A. Liver biopsy and hepatitis antibody
B. Streptococcal screen and antistreptolysin O (ASO) titer
C. Peripheral blood smear and heterophile antibody
D. Toxoplasma IgG and stool sample
E. Lymph node biopsy and cytomegalovirus serology
C. Peripheral blood smear and heterophile antibody
A 16-year-old male has recurrent episodes of nonpruritic, nonerythematous angioedema. There is a family history of angioedema. The patient has also complained of recurring abdominal pain. What is the most likely immunologic deficiency?
A. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
B. Ataxia telangiectasia
C. DiGeorge syndrome
D. D Immunoglobulin A deficiency
E. Severe combined immunodeficiency
F. C1 inhibitor deficiency
G. Adenosine deaminase deficiency
F. C1 inhibitor deficiency
A 55-year-old woman with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis is on prednisone 5 mg daily and etanercept (Enbrel) 50 mg subcutaneously once a week. Her arthritis is well-controlled. However, she complains of a 2-day history of headaches, chills, and spiking fevers to 39.4°C (103°F). You suspect which of the following?
A. An allergic febrile reaction to etanercept
B. Fever related to her underlying autoimmune disease
C. A serious infection
D. A viral syndrome
E. An occult malignancy
C. A serious infection
A 75-year-old African American woman, previously healthy, presents with low-grade fever, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. Colonoscopy shows continuous erythema from rectum to mid-transverse colon. The cecum is normal. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Ulcerative colitis
B. Crohn disease
C. Ischemic colitis
D. Diverticulitis
E. Amebic colitis
F. Tuberculoma of the colon
A. Ulcerative colitis
In the ICU, a patient suddenly becomes pulseless and unresponsive, with cardiac monitor indicating ventricular tachycardia.
The crash cart is immediately available. What is the best first therapy?
A. Amiodarone 150-mg IV push
B. Lidocaine 1.5-mg/kg IV push
C. Epinephrine 1-mg IV push
D. Defibrillation at 200 J
E. Defibrillation at 360 J
D. Defibrillation at 200 J
A 50-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis has been treated with meloxicam (Mobic). You add hydroxychloroquine. Six weeks later her arthritis is mildly improved. The same joints are still involved but she now reports only 1-hour morning stiffness. She has, however, developed epigastric burning and melena for the past 3 days. Stool is strongly positive for occult blood. Which of the following is the most likely cause for the melena in this case?
A. Emotional stress over her illness resulting in acid peptic disease
B. Hydroxychloroquine-induced acid peptic disease
C. Gastric lymphoma associated with autoimmune disease
D. NSAID gastropathy
E. Meckel diverticulum
D. NSAID gastropathy
An 82-year-old man is admitted to a long-term care facility after a right hemiplegic stroke. He is unable to walk and has limited ability to move himself in bed. He is frequently incontinent of urine. He has a past history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. On examination you note a 3-cm area of persistent erythema on the right buttock. Which of the following treatments would you recommend at this time?
A. Sharp surgical debridement to remove the area of erythema
B. Application of a hydrocolloid dressing (such as Duoderm) to be left in place for 5 days
C. Placement of a Foley catheter
D. Use of a foam mattress, repositioning at least every 2 hours, and scheduled voidings
E. Admission to the hospital for IV antibiotic
D. Use of a foam mattress, repositioning at least every 2 hours, and scheduled voidings
A 70-year-old intensive care unit patient complains of fever and shaking chills. The patient develops hypotension, and blood cultures are positive for gram-negative bacilli. The patient begins bleeding from venipuncture sites and around his Foley catheter. Laboratory studies are as follows:
Hct: 38%
WBC: 15,000/UL
Platelet count: 40,000/uL (normal 150,000-400,000)|
Peripheral blood smear: fragmented RBCs
PT: elevated
PTT: elevated
Plasma fibrinogen: 70 mg/dL (normal 200-400)
Which of the following is the best course of therapy in this patient?
A. Begin heparin.
B. Treat underlying disease.
C. Begin plasmapheresis.
D. Give vitamin K.
E. Begin red blood cell transfusion.
B. Treat underlying disease.
A 64-year-old woman who is receiving chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer has been treating midthoracic pain with acetaminophen. Over the past few days she has become weak and unsteady on her feet. On the day of admission she develops urinary incontinence. Physical examination reveals fist percussion tenderness over T8 and moderate symmetric muscle weakness in the legs. Anal sphincter tone is reduced. Which of the following diagnostic studies is most important to order?
A. Serum calcium
B. Bone scan
C. Plain radiographs of the thoracic spine
D. MRI scan of the spine
E. Electromyogram with nerve conduction studies
D. MRI scan of the spine
A 32-year-old runner has been training for her first marathon. She complains of 2 weeks of heel pain which is severe for the first few steps each morning and then goes away. She has no pain at night. What is the appropriate disease?
A. Plantar fasciitis
B. Metatarsal stress fracture
C. Charcot foot
D. Tarsal tunnel syndrome
E. Podagra
F. Hallux valgus
G. Morton neuroma
A. Plantar fasciitis
A 42-year-old female with acute pericarditis develops jugular venous distention and hypotension. The ECG shows electrical
alternans. Which of the following is the most likely additional physical finding?
A. Basilar rales halfway up both posterior lung fields
B. S3 gallop
C. Pulsus paradoxus
D. Strong apical beat
E. Epigastric tenderness
C. Pulsus paradoxus
An HIV-positive patient develops fever and dysphagia; endoscopic biopsy shows yeast and hyphae. What is the most likely etiologic agent?
A. Candida albicans
B. Aspergillus flavus
C. Coccidioides immitis
D. Herpes simplex type 1
E. Herpes simplex type 2
F. Hantavirus
G. Tropheryma whippelii
H. Coxsackievirus B
I. Histoplasma capsulatum
J. Human parvovirus
K. Cryptococcus neoformans
A. Candida albicans
A 50-year-old female is evaluated for hypertension. Her blood pressure is 130/98. She complains of polyuria and mild muscle weakness. She is on no blood pressure medication. On physical examination, the PMI is displaced to the sixth intercostal space. There is no sign of congestive heart failure and no edema. Laboratory values are as follows:
Na + : 147 mEq/dL
K + : 2.3 mEq/dL
Cl - : 112 mEq/dL
HCO 3: 27 mEq/dL
The patient denies the use of diuretics or over-the-counter agents to decrease fluid retention or promote weight loss. She does not eat licorice. Which of the following tests is most useful in establishing a diagnosis?
A. 24-hour urine for cortisol
B. Urinary metanephrine
C. Plasma renin activity
D. Renal angiogram
E. Ratio of serum aldosterone to plasma renin activity
E. Ratio of serum aldosterone to plasma renin activity
A 60-year-old woman complains of dry mouth and a gritty sensation in her eyes. She states it is sometimes difficult to speak for more than a few minutes. There is no history of diabetes mellitus or neurologic disease. The patient is on no medications. On examination, the buccal mucosa appears dry and the salivary glands are enlarged bilaterally. Which of the following is the best next step in evaluation?
A. Lip biopsy
B. Schirmer test and measurement of autoantibodies
C. IgG antibody to mumps virus
D. A therapeutic trial of prednisone for 1 month
E. Administration of a benzodiazepine
B. Schirmer test and measurement of autoantibodies