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Science > 1st Semester Final Exam > Flashcards

1st Semester Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 4 tropic levels?

A

Autotrophs, 1st consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer

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2
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis? (cellular respiration is the opposite)

A

6CO2 + 6H2O - C6H12O6 + 6CO2

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3
Q

What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

A

Photosynthesis Najaf glucose

CR uses it to make ATP, and then releases CO2 for Photosynthesis

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4
Q

What are the two phases of Photosynthesis? What are its reactants and products?

A

Light dependent reaction, and the Calvin cycle- both reactants, Water
LDR- ATP, NADPH, O2
CC- oxygen, sugar

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5
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place in the chloroplasts?

A

The stroma

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6
Q

Where does the Light dependent reaction take place in the chloroplasts?

A

The Thylakoid membrane

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7
Q

What role does light play in the formation of glucose during photosynthesis?

A

It produces energy for the plants and it helps to break apart H2O, oxygen, waste, and # carried by NADH

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8
Q

What is the role of chlorophyll?

A

Allows plants to absorb sunlight

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9
Q

What are the phases of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, the kreb cycle (makes CO2), an the electron transportation chain

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10
Q

What is the reactant and products of glycolysis? Where does it occur?

A

Glucose, ATP

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Does Glycolysis need oxygen to occur?

How many ATP are used and made?

A

No

2 ATP used, 4 ATP made

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12
Q

What are the reactants and products of the Kreb Cycle?

Where does it occur?

A

2 Pyruvic acids

2 CO2, 2 ATP, and Pyruvic acids

The mitochondria

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13
Q

What are the reactants and products of the energy cycle, where does it happen?

A

Oxygen, NADH, FADH2

H2O, and 34 ATP

The inner membrane

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14
Q

How many ATP are used and made during the Kreb Cycle? Does it require oxygen?

A

0, 2

Yes

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15
Q

Is oxygen needed in the energy cycle? How many ATP are used and made?

A

Yes

0, 34

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16
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of O2

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17
Q

Where in the cell does cellular respiration happen?

A

Matrix, mitochondria

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18
Q

What are the two electron carriers in cellular respiration?

A

NADH, FADH2

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19
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process animals goes through when oxygen is unavailable

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20
Q

How does the production of ATP in fermentation compare to that which is produced in Respiration?

A

It’s not nearly as energizing

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21
Q

What are the main green house gasses?

A

Carbon dioxide, water, nitrogous oxid, methane, and green house gases

22
Q

When is ATP and ADP energy released?

A

They are stored in bonds, they escape when the bonds break

23
Q

What makes RNA molecules?

A

Transcription

24
Q

What happens during translation?

A

Proteins are made from RNA

mRNA-protein

25
Q

What is in both DNA and RNA?

A

Phosphate, Guanine, and Cytosine

26
Q

Why is DNA semi conservative?

A

One strand comes from the parent, the other is new

27
Q

What is the process of DNA replication?

A

DNA synthesis, and Nucleotides are added by base pairing

28
Q

What enzyme is evolved in DNA synthesis?

A

DNA helicase

29
Q

What enzyme is evolved in Nucleotides added by base pairing?

A

DNA polymerase

30
Q

What is the relationship between DNA and Genes?

A

It’s part of the DNA, and it has instructions for making protein.

31
Q

What is the relationship between DNA and chromosomes?

A

Threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contain genetic info.

32
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Cell synthesis

33
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Cell decision (PMAT)

34
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cell division is complete and 2 new cells are made

35
Q

Which is mRNA used in?

Translation, or transcription?

A

Transcription

36
Q

Which is tRNA used in?

Translation, or transcription?

A

Translation

37
Q

What does tRNA do?

A

Transfer each amino acid to the ribosome (to make proteins) as it is specified by the coded message in mRNA

38
Q

What are amino acids?

A

Building blocks of proteins

39
Q

Describe the steps in Transcription

A
  1. DNA molecule unwinds

2. Makes an mRNA coppie

40
Q

What is the purpose of transcription?

A

To merge the nucleotides to make protien

41
Q

Where does transcription take place in the cell?

A

Nucleus

42
Q

What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds to open the DNA molecule?

A

Helicase

43
Q

What enzyme is responsible for assembling RNA nucleotides during transcription?

A

RNA polymers

44
Q

What are the steps of translation?

A
  1. mRNA enters the cycle and associates with the Ribosomes
  2. tRNA’s each carry a specific amino acid, pair up with mRNA codons inside
  3. ???
45
Q

What is the purpose of translation?

A

To translate RNA into protiens

46
Q

Which stand of RNA is the code which is read during translation?

A

tRNA, mRNA

47
Q

True/false: DNA can make proteins without RNA first?

A

False

48
Q

Function of RNA

A

Polymerase (enzyme)

Adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand

49
Q

What is the backbone for both DNA and RNA?

A

Sugar and phosphate

50
Q

Subunits of DNA are…

A

Nucleotides

51
Q

Why are there 64 codons, but only 29 amino acids?

A

More than 1 codon codes for the same amino acids

52
Q

How disc energy move through an ecosystem?

A

It starts at the sun, and flows only in one direction

Science (5 decks)

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