1st Semester Final Exam Flashcards
What are the 4 tropic levels?
Autotrophs, 1st consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary consumer
What is the equation for photosynthesis? (cellular respiration is the opposite)
6CO2 + 6H2O - C6H12O6 + 6CO2
What is the difference between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis Najaf glucose
CR uses it to make ATP, and then releases CO2 for Photosynthesis
What are the two phases of Photosynthesis? What are its reactants and products?
Light dependent reaction, and the Calvin cycle- both reactants, Water
LDR- ATP, NADPH, O2
CC- oxygen, sugar
Where does the Calvin cycle take place in the chloroplasts?
The stroma
Where does the Light dependent reaction take place in the chloroplasts?
The Thylakoid membrane
What role does light play in the formation of glucose during photosynthesis?
It produces energy for the plants and it helps to break apart H2O, oxygen, waste, and # carried by NADH
What is the role of chlorophyll?
Allows plants to absorb sunlight
What are the phases of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, the kreb cycle (makes CO2), an the electron transportation chain
What is the reactant and products of glycolysis? Where does it occur?
Glucose, ATP
Cytoplasm
Does Glycolysis need oxygen to occur?
How many ATP are used and made?
No
2 ATP used, 4 ATP made
What are the reactants and products of the Kreb Cycle?
Where does it occur?
2 Pyruvic acids
2 CO2, 2 ATP, and Pyruvic acids
The mitochondria
What are the reactants and products of the energy cycle, where does it happen?
Oxygen, NADH, FADH2
H2O, and 34 ATP
The inner membrane
How many ATP are used and made during the Kreb Cycle? Does it require oxygen?
0, 2
Yes
Is oxygen needed in the energy cycle? How many ATP are used and made?
Yes
0, 34
What is cellular respiration?
The process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of O2
Where in the cell does cellular respiration happen?
Matrix, mitochondria
What are the two electron carriers in cellular respiration?
NADH, FADH2
What is fermentation?
The process animals goes through when oxygen is unavailable
How does the production of ATP in fermentation compare to that which is produced in Respiration?
It’s not nearly as energizing
What are the main green house gasses?
Carbon dioxide, water, nitrogous oxid, methane, and green house gases
When is ATP and ADP energy released?
They are stored in bonds, they escape when the bonds break
What makes RNA molecules?
Transcription
What happens during translation?
Proteins are made from RNA
mRNA-protein
What is in both DNA and RNA?
Phosphate, Guanine, and Cytosine
Why is DNA semi conservative?
One strand comes from the parent, the other is new
What is the process of DNA replication?
DNA synthesis, and Nucleotides are added by base pairing
What enzyme is evolved in DNA synthesis?
DNA helicase
What enzyme is evolved in Nucleotides added by base pairing?
DNA polymerase
What is the relationship between DNA and Genes?
It’s part of the DNA, and it has instructions for making protein.
What is the relationship between DNA and chromosomes?
Threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contain genetic info.
What happens during interphase?
Cell synthesis
What happens during mitosis?
Cell decision (PMAT)
What happens during cytokinesis?
The cell division is complete and 2 new cells are made
Which is mRNA used in?
Translation, or transcription?
Transcription
Which is tRNA used in?
Translation, or transcription?
Translation
What does tRNA do?
Transfer each amino acid to the ribosome (to make proteins) as it is specified by the coded message in mRNA
What are amino acids?
Building blocks of proteins
Describe the steps in Transcription
- DNA molecule unwinds
2. Makes an mRNA coppie
What is the purpose of transcription?
To merge the nucleotides to make protien
Where does transcription take place in the cell?
Nucleus
What enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds to open the DNA molecule?
Helicase
What enzyme is responsible for assembling RNA nucleotides during transcription?
RNA polymers
What are the steps of translation?
- mRNA enters the cycle and associates with the Ribosomes
- tRNA’s each carry a specific amino acid, pair up with mRNA codons inside
- ???
What is the purpose of translation?
To translate RNA into protiens
Which stand of RNA is the code which is read during translation?
tRNA, mRNA
True/false: DNA can make proteins without RNA first?
False
Function of RNA
Polymerase (enzyme)
Adds nucleotides to the growing mRNA strand
What is the backbone for both DNA and RNA?
Sugar and phosphate
Subunits of DNA are…
Nucleotides
Why are there 64 codons, but only 29 amino acids?
More than 1 codon codes for the same amino acids
How disc energy move through an ecosystem?
It starts at the sun, and flows only in one direction
