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Geography for the 10B Soul > 1st Semester Exam > Flashcards

1st Semester Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how to describe a location on a four coordinate map.

A

X axis’ number, Y axis’ number

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2
Q

Explain how to describe a location on a six coordinate map.

A

X axis’ number, specific place in X axis (0-9), Y axis’ number, specific place in Y axis (0-9)
Example: 346372
(34/6/37/2)
for more help: http://www.armystudyguide.com/content/Prep_For_Basic_Training/Prep_for_basic_land_navigation/determine-the-grid-coordi.shtml

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3
Q

The difference between longitude and latitude?

A

Latitude is horizontal on globe, Longitude is vertical

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4
Q

What is the prime meridian?

A

Divides the globe in half (imaginary) - 0* Longitude

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5
Q

What is the international date line?

A

Imaginary line mostly on the line 180* Longitude. Demarcates the change of one calendar day to the next. .

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6
Q

Rewrite the scale 1 : 25,000 to cm : km

A

1 cm : 0.25 km

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7
Q

Explain how to find a distance by roads (using a map).

A

Find a road route to take between the two locations on the map. Take a piece of paper with a straight edge and measure the straight lines in the route, marking every distance on the piece. Measure the total sum of the straight lines. Convert to the scale, if necessary.

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8
Q

What does a topographical map show?

A

The steepness of the relief (valleys and hills)

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9
Q

How can you tell on a topographical map which part is steeper?

A

The part with more contour lines/contour lines closer together.

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10
Q

What are the four categories of employment structures?

A
  • Primary sector:
  • Secondary sector
  • Tertiary sector
  • Quaternary sector (often combined with tertiary)
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11
Q

Describe each sector and give examples of jobs.

A

P: extracts raw materials from environment. farmer. fisherman. logger.
S: manufacturing/making. toy-maker. metalworker. carpenter.
T: provides a service. judge. dancer. teacher.
Q: involves research + development. {high-tech industry}. computing. ICT (Information and Communication Tecnologies). consultancy (offering advice to businesses)

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12
Q

Where do the goods extracted from primary sector go?

A

Either to the secondary industry or directly to the customers.

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13
Q

Where do the goods produced by the secondary sector go?

A

Either to the tertiary industry or directly to the customers.

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14
Q

Explain in depth the tertiary sector.

A

It is the provision of goods and/or services. Often called the ‘service sector’.

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15
Q

Explain in depth the quaternary sector.

A

It involves new technology, so inventions are a major part of it.

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16
Q

Steps for Making A Pie Chart of the Sector in a Certain Country

A
  1. Get percentages of sector.
  2. Convert percentage to decimal. Multiply by 360*. This is the degrees the sector will occupy on circle.
  3. Use protractor to draw the angles.
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17
Q

What four things does a pie chart need?

A

Color, title, key, source

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18
Q

Explain a triangle graph to show the employment sectors..

A

It is an equilateral triangle. Each side is measured in %. A point is shown for each side, signifying an employment sector. All three estimated %s must add up to 100%.

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19
Q

What are the advantages of a line graph?

A

You can compare sectors over time. It doesn’t take up much space and is easy to decipher.

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20
Q

What are the disadvantages of a line graph?

A

You don’t see the sectors as part of a 100%. You cannot compare the individual sectors very well. You can only show one country.

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21
Q

Countries with early development will have a majority of what sector?

A

Primary

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22
Q

Countries that have begun to develop industrially will have an increased sector of what?

A

Secondary

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23
Q

Why does the primary sector go down in countries in which the secondary sector goes up?

A

Farm machinery means less labor needed on farms.

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24
Q

In a very developed country, what is the largest sector?

A

Tertiary.

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25
Q

What are the employment sector percentages in Costa Rica?

A

13% P
20% S
67% T

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26
Q

Describe the Clark-Fisher model.

A

It is a graph that shows the development of a country through the changing percentages of the employment countries through out the different epocas in history.

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27
Q

Explain the Clark-Fisher model.

A

The primary sector starts high in the pre-industrial era, when extraction of raw materials was the main livelyhood. It drops as the industrial era begins, as the introduction of machines and jobs in the city [transforming raw materials into products] took over. The tertiary sector, almost non-existent in the pre-industrial and beginning of industrial eras, begins to grow at the end of the industrial sector. It rises to a peak at the end of the post-industrial age, where the secondary and especially primary sectors drop off. The quaternary sector begins and grows in the post-industrial era.

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28
Q

What is the debate around the Clark-Fisher model?

A

Globalization can speed up this process and change the sequence. Tourism growth could mean that the industrial phase is by-passed. Development happens at a different pace for every country. There is more than one path to development.

29
Q

What is an LLEDC? Examples.

A

Least Less Economically Country. Ethiopia, Nepal.

30
Q

What is an LEDC? Examples.

A

Less Economically Developed Country. Bangladesh, Uganda, Indonesia.

31
Q

What is an MEDC? Examples.

A

More Economically Developed Country. Great Britain, the US, Canada.

32
Q

What is an OPEC? Examples.

A

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Country. Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Nigeria.

33
Q

What is an NIC? Examples.

A

Newly Industrialized Country. Mexico, Brazil, South Africa, Singapore.

34
Q

What is a BEM? Examples.

A

Big Emerging Market. Poland, South Korea, Argentina, Indonesia.

35
Q

What is a FCC? Examples.

A

Formerly Communist Country. Czechoslovakia, Cambodia, Poland.

36
Q

Describe LLEDCs,

A 
World's poorest countries. 
GDP less than $1000
HDI below 0.45
Very low life expectancy
Causes: history, geographical location, resources, corruption
37
Q

Describe LEDCs.

A 
Underdeveloped or developing. 
High birth & death rates 
infant mortality
short life expectancy
Large majority work in agriculture
Low GDP and GNP 
Literacy rate low
38
Q

Describe MEDCs.

A 
Developed.
Low birth & death rates
Infant mortality rate
Less than 10% in agriculture
High levels of nutrition, literacy, secondary schooling, electricity consumption.
GDP - above $20,000
39
Q

Describe OPECs.

A

Generate high profit from oil but poor social development prohibits human benefits.

40
Q

Describe NICs.

A

Become industrialized really fast in 70s and 80s due to growth in the tec industry.

41
Q

Describe BEMs.

A

Major businesses lead to rapid growth and industrialization. Predicted to reach 40% of world’s exportation

42
Q

Describe FCCs.

A

Recently underwent a period of political, economic transition: “Post communism”
Free market systems.
Surge in income and economic growth. Spending more on edu. Increase in HDI rating.

43
Q

What is open data?

A

All the date available to us (numbers and %) about the social structure, economy, development, education about countries. Helps us understand the state of country, city, how to help. It is available and accessible.

44
Q

Why is open data important?

A

Helps us study and understand the world specifically and at large. It allows and forces govts to be accountable with their budgets and social development

45
Q

Organic foods

A 
use natural fertilizer
insects and birds to get rid of pests
animals- organic feed, access to outdoors
rotate crops
hand weeding
46
Q

Non-organic foods

A

Chem fertilizers & insecticides & herbicides
Animals get growth hormones and antibiotics
Medications

47
Q

Processed foods

A

Produced from manufacturing methods. Raw ingredients –> in neatly packaged goods w/ longer shelf life

48
Q

Whole foods

A

Grown
Unprocessed
Unrefined
Short shelf life

49
Q

Describe farmer as decision maker.

A

Conditions of farm depend on his personal preference, expertise, economic & political pressure, extreme phys conditions

50
Q

What are some possible changes to the system of farming?

A 
PHYS CONDITIONS
-drought
-disease
-pests
ECON CONDITIONS
-change in demand
-change in market
-change in subsidy
-improved tech
51
Q

Types of farms by input (2)

A

Intensive

Extensive

52
Q

Types of farms by processes (5)

A

pastoral (raising only animals)
arable (only crops)
Mixed
Nomadic (farmers move for new land - fresh grazing area)
Market Garden - growing under controlled conditions for market

53
Q

Types of farms by output (2)

A

Subsistence

Comercial

54
Q

Effects of Commercial Farming (6)

A
  • -> animal cruelty
  • -> antibiotic resistant germs
  • -> small family farms go out business
  • -> mad cow disease
  • -> pollution
  • -> artificial hormones used
55
Q

Describe the use of chemicals in agriculture

A

–> Pesticides kill pests, diseases, weeds
(stopping use could make yields go down by 45%) (usage causes harm to wildlife)
–>Fertilizer is a compound of minerals with nutrients for successful plant growth
(leached through soil into water supplies - nitrate concern) (fertilizer in rivers can cause algae to grow rapidly, harming wildlife in river)
–> farm slurry can pollute water supplies

56
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

In a river, fertilizer cause algae to grow really fast which uses up all the O2, fish die

57
Q

Pros of organic farming

A

Doesn’t misuse soil and water resources
Natural and mineral fertilizer instead of chemical.
Intensive
Fallow land

58
Q

Cons of organic farming

A

Prices ^
Yields lower
more weeding
A period involved before farmers can market as ‘organic’

59
Q

What is substantial equivalence?

A

Since many GMOs have the same chemical identities.

60
Q

Pros of GMOs

A 
No pesticides
Better profits
Precise (not like cross breeding)\
Essence unchanged
Feeds humans in LEDCs
61
Q

Cons of GMOs

A

Unknown consequences
Allergens go unchecked
License keeps farmers economically in bondage
Monarch butterfly endangered bc milkweed dying
Refuges are critical to keep from building Resistant Bugs
Infect organic farmers

62
Q

What is the CAP?

A

The Common Agricultural Policy was started in the EU in 1962. Its policies are to create an isolated market for agriculture in the EU (goods from EU preferred by other members), to give EU farmers financial support through stable prices, markets, jobs, living conditions
Keeps consumer prices constant

63
Q

What are concerns about the CAP? (6)

A

Ton of budget spent on agriculture
overproduction due to subsidies and improved tech
decrease in # of farms due to larger farms taking control
decrease in agricultural jobs cuz tech improved
LEDC/fair trade not encouraged or developed
Environment not cared for (wildlife destroyed to use the land TOO efficiently)

64
Q

What are subsidies?

A

Prices that the government guaranteed to pay for the production of a certain food in order to convince farmers to grow it.
Currently being reduced in CAP bc of overproduction
Farmers have to meet environmental and animal treatment standards

65
Q

What are quotas?

A

A limit of how much of one product a farmer can produce. If he goes over, has to pay a fine. Being reduced gradually too. (Milk underproduced in EU since 1984)

66
Q

What are set-asides?

A

Farmers given money to set aside land to NOT use for farming

67
Q

What is diversification?

A

Use of farm land for something other than farming

  • Recreation
  • Accommodation
  • Environmental and wildlife purposes
68
Q

Examples of diversification?

A

Bed and breakfast. Golf course. Nature reserve. Campground.

Geography for the 10B Soul (1 decks)

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