1st sem Monster Vocab Flashcards

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1
Q

liberal

A

ideologically supports a stronger government programs and market regulation

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2
Q

conservative

A

ideologically supports lower taxes, less government, and a free market

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3
Q

political socialization

A

the process by which people gain their political beliefs

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4
Q

demographics

A

the statistical characteristics of a population

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5
Q

political culture

A

the shared political values of a society

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6
Q

random sample

A

a subsection of a population chosen to participate in a survey in which every member of the whole population has an equal chance of being chosen

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7
Q

salience

A

the extent to which people believe political issues are relevant to them

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8
Q

political efficacy

A

an individual’s belief that his or her political issues are relevant to them

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9
Q

participatory democracy (direct democracy)

A

a system of government in which citizens are directly involved in making choices about policy

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10
Q

elite democracy

A

a system of government which emphasizes limited participation by wealthy and well educated citizens in politics and civil society

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11
Q

block grants

A

federal money given to the states with few restrictions about how it should be spent

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12
Q

unfunded mandate

A

a federal requirement (mandate) that forces the states to spend their own money to pay for it

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13
Q

devolution

A

a process by which the federal government gives more power and authority to the states

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14
Q

inherent powers

A

powers that are naturally derived from the duties of a specific government position

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15
Q

expressed (enumerated) powers

A

powers that are given to an institution of government (branch) directly in the constitution, such as congress’ power to tax

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16
Q

implied powers

A

powers that are “necessary and proper” to carry out an expressed power in the constitution, like the power of congress to establish a bank

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17
Q

concurrent powers

A

powers that are shared by both state and federal governments such as transportation

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18
Q

selective incorporation

A

the process by which the BIll of Rights has been applied to the states on a case-by-case basis through the Fourteenth Amendment

19
Q

civil liberties

A

the right of people to be protected from government abuse according to the Bill of Rights

20
Q

slander (libel)

A

spoken (written) false statements that damage a person’s reputation

21
Q

civil rights

A

rights that guarantee individuals freedom from discrimination according to the Fourteenth Amendment

22
Q

affirmative action

A

an action designed to overcome the effects of discrimination

23
Q

establishment clause

A

the First Amendment’s ban on laws establishing or favoring a religion

24
Q

free exercise

A

First Amendment clause that states the government cannot prohibit the practice of religion

25
Q

due process

A

the right that forbids the government from denying “life, liberty, or property” without the legal process of fair trails, etc. as stated in the 5th and 14th Amendments

26
Q

equal protection clause

A

14th Amendment clause that forbids states from denying equal protection of the law thus denying discrimination

27
Q

exclusionary rule

A

the idea established in Mapp v. Ohio that evidence that is illegally obtained cannot be used in a trial

28
Q

Writ of Certiorari

A

a document issued by the Supreme Court if it has agreed to hear a case

29
Q

Amicus Curiae

A

an argument filed with a court by an individual or group who is not in a party to a lawsuit

30
Q

judicial restraint

A

the idea that judges should decide cases based on the language of laws and the Constitution, deferring to the legislative and executive branches

31
Q

original intent (originalism)

A

making judicial decisions by considering what the founding fathers meant in the Constitution

32
Q

stare decisis

A

when a court follows a precedent (a prior court decision) by letting a previous decision stand

33
Q

judicial review

A

the power of the Supreme Court to overturn a law or executive action as unconstitutional

34
Q

intensity

A

how strongly a person feels about a political issue

35
Q

pluralist democracy

A

a theory of government in which many people and groups compete for policy

36
Q

republic (representative democracy)

A

a system of government in which people elect representatives to make policy in the citizen’s interest

37
Q

federalist

A

those who attended the Constitutional Convention who favored a strong national government and a system of separated powers

38
Q

federalism

A

a system of government where the power is shared between the national government and the states

39
Q

fiscal federalism

A

the use of spending by the national government through the grant process to influence state policies

40
Q

cooperative federalism

A

a system where the federal government and states work together in funding and administering programs

41
Q

commerce clause

A

the clause in Article 1 that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations

42
Q

supremacy clause

A

Article IV clause that gives the Constitution and national laws supremacy over state laws

43
Q

categorical grants

A

money given by the federal government to the states to be used for a narrowly defined purpose