1st sem exam review Flashcards
Who was Georgio Vasari?
16c painter architect and writer
what did printing presses cause?
northern renaissance and protestant reformation
what was the popolo
urban underclass
who were the Medicis?
family that used banking to establish themselves as rulers of florentine
what did the city states of italy become?
florence, milan, venice, papal states, and kingdom of naples
who was francesco petrarch?
founder of humanism
who was Leonardo Bruni
humanist scholar who created an education for women
who was christine de pisan
daughter of kings doctor, wrote city of ladies
what was fresco?
wet plaster or tempera on wood
what was chiaroscuro?
use of contrast between light and dark in art
what was mannerism?
art which showed distorted figures and confusing themes
what is pietism?
the importance between one and their personal relationship with god. popularized during the black plague
who was John Wycliffe?
questioned worldly wealth of church, transubstantiation, and indulgences. followers known as Lollards
what was transubstantiation?
transformation of bread and wine into body and blood of christ
what was the diet of worms?
meeting of german nobility which Luther appeared before and got banned from the empire
who were the hussites?
followers of jan hus who believed in poverty of the clergy, freedom of preaching, and punishment of sinners
what was protestantism?
bible is the ultimate authority, humans are only saved by gods grace, and all christians are priests
what was the german peasants revolt of 1525
a revolt as a response to worsening economic conditions and a distortion of luther’s thesises
what was the peace of augsberg
end of schmalkaldic war, granted legal recognition of lutheranism
who were the anabaptists?
denied the idea of infant baptism
who was ulrich zwingli?
swiss preacher, rejected veneration of saints
who was john calvin?
made calvinists, belived in predestination, very strict. didn’t believe in free will
who was machiavelli?
a writer known mostly for his political beliefs. wanted to completely seperate politics from ethics.
who was erasmus?
dutch philosopher, one of the greatest scholars of the northern renaissance. embraced idea of self improvement
who was jan hus?
created the Hussites, a continuance to Wycliffe/Lollards. Predecessor to Protestantism. Large part of Bohemian Reformation.
Who was michaelangelo?
ninja turtle, poet, painter, and scholar. Painted ceiling of sistine chapel, made David
who was prince henry the navigator?
Explored the west coast of Africa, made trade routes
Who was Savonarola
briefly dictator of Florence after Medicis were driven out, puritan fanatic. Called for christian renewal, hated corruption in church.
Who was Ignatius Loyola?
A spanish noble who founded the jesuits
who was Bartholomew Dias?
Sailed around the cape of Good Hope
who was Vasco da Gama?
reached coast of india
who was Ferdinand Magellan?
circumnavigated globe
Who was Hernan Cortes?
found aztec empire
Who was Francisco Pizzaro?
found incan empire
what was the treaty of lodi
created an alliance between major italian city states: Milan, Naples, and Florence
Who was ludovico il moro
incoming ruler of milan initiated hostilities with naples, ending treaty of lodi
what was the golden bull of emperor charles iv
gave the even german princes the right to elect an emperor
what started the thirty years war?
when bohemia chose their own ru
what started the thirty years war?
when bohemia chose their own ruler over Ferdinand, the cousin of the old ruler whom had recently passed.
what caused the second defenestration of prague
The catholic Ferdinand taking over and attempting to control Bohemia’s religion, as they were Protestant
what happened at the battle of white mountain
this was during the thirty years war, and the Bavarian forces (catholic ferdinand) enjoyed a massive victory. This largely removed Bohemia from the war.
who was Albrecht von Wallenstein?
the bohemian noble that Ferdinand turned to for help in the second part of the war
why didn’t the thirty years war end after the battle of white mountain?
there were still mercenary armies who wanted to continue fighting for commission, and German protestants felt threatened by Ferdinand and the threat to their religion. This started the second phase of the war, which became the HRE against protestant countries
What was the Edict of Restitution?
outlawed calvinism and required lutherans to turn over all property seized since 1552. caused sweden to enter war and started third phase
Why did France support the swedish army?
Cardinal Richelieu was concerned about the increase of Hapsberg strength
How was Germany affected by the thirty years war?
Most of the fighting took place in Germany, and their towns and farms were destroyed.
what was the peace of westphalia?
ended the thirty years war, seperated the HRE from german politics. Recognized calvinism
