1st Quiz Flashcards
What are the six levels of structural organization of the human body?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system level, & organism
Chemical level:
Atoms bond to form molecules with three-dimensional structures
Cellular level:
A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell
Tissue level:
A community of similar cells form a body tissue
Organ level:
Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ
Organ system level:
Two or more organs work closely together to perform the function of a body system
Organismal level:
Many organs work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism
Conditions of Anatomy:
- The might of God to be marveled
- Knowledge of the patients parts
- Prognosticate of the dispositions to come of the body
- Curation of the sickness
Metabolism:
a) Anabolism:
- Conversion of food to energy for cellular process
- Conversion of food to building blocks for portions, lipids, nucleic acids, & some carbohydrates
Metabolism:
b) Catabolism:
- complex substances broken down for energy & elimination of metabolic waste
Specialties of Anatomy:
- Regional Anatomy
- Developmental Anatomy
- Comparative Anatomy
- Microscopic/Gross Anatomy
- Surface Anatomy
- Systemic Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Focuses on the cells softer hard tissues and the organs in a particular region of the body
Developmental Anatomy
the study of development & changes associated with cells, tissues, and organs
Comparative Anatomy
Comparing anatomical studies between species
Microscopic/Gross Anatomy
- Microscopic anatomy = study of structures too small to be seen without a microscope
- Gross Anatomy = study of structures visible to the naked eye
Surface Anatomy:
- The basis of the “physical exam”
- Attempting to understand deep structures based on appearance of body surface
Systemic Anatomy:
Recognizing and independently studying the organ system of the body
Systems of the body:
- Nervous system
- Respiratory system
- Endocrine system
- Cardiovascular system
- Urinary system
- Digestive system
- Reproductive system
- Muscular system
- Lymphatic system
- Skeletal system
- Integumentary system
Nervous system:
Function:
- Information processing
- Receiving and responding
Major organs:
- Brain
- Spinal cord
- Nerves
Respiratory System:
Function:
- Gas exchange
Major organs:
- Lungs
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Nasal Cavity
Endocrine system:
Function:
- Regulate metabolism
- Regulates/coordinates other organ system
Major organs:
- Pituitary gland
- Thyroid gland
- Thymus
- Adrenal gland
- Testes
- Ovaries
Cardiovascular System:
Function:
- Transport (of nutrients, wastes, proteins, hormones, etc.)
Major organs:
- Heart
- Blood vessels
Urinary system
Function:
- Metabolic waste disposal
- Filter blood
Major organs:
- Kidneys
- Urinary bladder
- Ureters
- Urethra
Digestive system
Functions:
- Extract nutrients (atoms & energy) from the environment
- Excrete solid waste materials
Major organs:
- Oral cavity
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Gall bladder
- Small/large intestines
- Rectum
Reproductive system:
Function:
- To produce offspring
Major organs (male):
- Penis
- Ejaculatory ducts
- Scrotum
- Testes
Major organs (female):
- Vagina
- Uterus
- Ovaries
- Breasts
Muscular system:
Function:
- Movement
- Regulate body temperature
Mojar organs:
- Skeletal muscles
- Tendons
Lymphatic System:
Function:
- Defense against foreign organisms
- Clean up damaged or destroyed material
Major organs:
- Lymph nodes
- Tonsils
- Thymus
- Spleen
- Mucosal-associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Lymphatic vessels
Skeletal Systems:
Function:
- Protection of essential organs
- Framework for the body
- Lever system
- Calcium, RBC, WBC storage
Major Organs:
- Bones
- Ligaments
Skeletal Systems:
Function:
- Protection of essential organs
- Framework for the body
- Lever system
- Calcium, RBC, WBC storage
Major Organs:
- Bones
- Ligaments
Integumentary system:
Function:
- Protective barrier from environment and pathogens
- Body temperature regulation
- Sensory organ
Major organs:
- Skin (integument): three layers
- Sweat/oil glands
- Hair
- Nails
Homeostasis:
- May occur intrinsically or extrinsically
Both intrinsic & extrinsic homeostasis mechanisms employ three components: - Receptor that responds to stimuli
- Control center that process information from receptors
- Effector that acts/responds at the command of the control center to alter stimulus
Intrinsic homeostasis:
occurs within a cell, tissue, or organ
- capable of maintaining its own homeostasis
Extrinsic homeostasis:
employs the nervous system and/or the endocrine system
- work outside the organs but can override intrinsic homeostasis
Supine
Lying face up in the anatomical position
Prone:
Lying face down in the anatomical position
Sectional Anatomy:
illustrates the relationship among parts of a 3-dimensional object (human body)
Transverse plane:
Divides of the body into superior & inferior equal or unequal portions
Frontal plane:
divides the body into anterior & posterior equal or unequal portions
Sagittal plane:
divides the body into right & left equal portions
Parasagittal planes:
divides the body into right and left unequal halves
Superior
toward the head
Inferior
toward the feet
Anterior
toward the the front of the body
Posterior
toward the back of the body
Medial
Toward the midline of the body
Lateral
aware from the midline of the body
Proximal
toward the body trunk
(only used for limbs)
Distal
away from the body trunk
(only used for limbs)
Superficial
at or near the body surface
Deep
Below the body surface
The Ventral Body Cavity
Includes thoracic cavity & abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity includes:
- pleural cavity
- pericardial cavity
- Mediastinum
Thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm
The abdominopelvic cavity is conceptually divided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity
Thoracic Cavity
Contains the heart and lungs
Heart is in the pericardial cavity
Lungs are in the pleural cavity
The middle part of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum
Serous Membrane
The pleural and pericardial cavities are lined by serous membranes
Serous membranes possess two layers:
the visceral layer - touching the organ
the parietal (wall) layer – outside layer
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Peritoneum – serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity
eritoneal Fluid - the fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of the peritoneum
The Pelvic Cavity
The pelvic cavity is not lined with a serous membrane
The pelvis contains organs of the:
urinary system
digestive system
reproductive system
