1st Prelim topics Flashcards
is a branch of medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases
Medical microbiology
There are four kinds of microorganisms that cause infectious disease:
bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses, and one type of infectious protein called prion.
a place when the diagnosis of infectious microorganisms takes place; identification of the best treatment options for infection; and the monitoring of antibiotic resistance. It also includes testing for how well a patient is responding to treatment of infection.
Medical microbiology laboratory
is a medical scientist who studies microscopic life forms and processes or works in the field of medical microbiology.
Medical microbiologist
is a healthcare professional who performs all types of medical lab analyses, due to high skills in the practice and training.
Medical lab technologist
is a healthcare professional who performs all types of medical lab analyses, due to high skills in the practice and training.
Medical lab technologist
is a professional who practices medicine.
Physician
ROUTINE WORK STEPS
• Medical microbiology lab practice involves the following steps: (4)
- Reception of sample
- Sample cultivation
- Microbes identification (bacteria or fungi), and/or
- Antibiotic sensitivity testing
In this step, the medical technologist should be:
Match between the request form information and sample information (on label)
Give the sample an ID and record it in the lab inbox
• In this step, the common samples include:
Swab samples (eye swab, throat swab, vaginal swab…)
Urine or stool samples
Cerebrospinal fluid sample (CSF), blood and sputum.
- Reception of samples
In this step, the medical technologist should be:
~ Culture the sample on media, on which a bacteria are grow For each sample, there are a specific type of culture media
- Sample cultivation
Give 4 samples which uses Blood agar + Chocolate agar + MacConkey agar as a type of culture media
- Eye swab
- Nasal swab
- Urethral swab
- Seminal fluid
Give the sample needed in each typen of culture media 1. blood agar + CLED
2. blood agar
3. Alkaline Peptone Water + TCBS
- Urine
- Throat swab
- Rectal swab
• The following methods are commonly used:
1. Colonial morpnology (torm, elevation, margin, sunace, size, optical teature, consistency, chromogenesis, smell, blood hemolysis) it is consider as a preliminary step.
2. Staining (Gram staining, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, etc.)
3. Biochemical tests (catalase, coagulase, oxidase, Api
20E, etc…)
4. Molecular methods are less common than the above.
- Microbe identification
is the study of microorganisms / microbes which is visible only with a microscope.
Microbiology
TRUE OR FALSE. Most of the microorganisms are harmless.
TRUE
99% of these microorganisms are good, give an example.
Cyanobacteria ( blue green algae )
Infectious bacteria; 1% bad
Pathogens
believed that living organisms could develop from non-living materials.
Aristotle (384-322)
In 13th century, he described that the disease caused by a minute “seed” or “germ”.
Rogen Bacon
In 13th century, he described that the disease caused by a minute “seed” or “germ”.
Rogen Bacon
• Father of Bacteriology and protozoology.
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)
• Descriptions of Protozoa, basic types of bacteria, yeasts and algae.
• In 1676, he observed and described microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa as “animalcules”
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)
• Descriptions of Protozoa, basic types of bacteria, yeasts and algae.
• In 1676, he observed and described microorganisms such as bacteria and protozoa as “animalcules”
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723)
The term microbe is used by him in 1878.
Sedillot
He showed that maggots would not arise from decaying meat, when it is covered.
Francesco Redi (1626 - 1697)
• Supporter of the spontaneous generation theory.
• He promised gain organismanimalcules) arose spontaneously
• He covered the flasks with cork as done by Redi, Still the microbes appeared on mutton broth.
John Needham (1713 - 1781)
• Supporter of the spontaneous generation theory.
• He promised gain organismanimalcules) arose spontaneously
• He covered the flasks with cork as done by Redi, Still the microbes appeared on mutton broth.
John Needham (1713 - 1781)
He demonstrated that air carried germs to the culture medium.
He showed that boiled broth would not give rise to microscopic forms of life
Lazzaro spallanzani (1729 - 1799)
• He is the father of Medical Microbiology.
Louis Pasteur
Pasteur in 1897 suggested that mild heating at 62.8°C (145°F) for 30 minutes rather than boiling was enough to destroy the undesirable organisms without ruining the taste of product, this process was called?
PASTEURIZATION
He invented the processes of pasteurization, fermentation and the development of effective vaccines (rabies and anthrax).
Louis Pasteur
He discovered highly resistant bacterial structure, later known as endospore.
John Tyndall (1820 - 1893)
Prolonged boiling or intermittent heating was necessary to kill these spores, to make the infusion completely sterilized, a process known as
Tyndallisation
• He is the father of antiseptic surgery.
• He concluded that wound infections too were due to microorganisms.
• He also devised a method to destroy
microorganisms in the operation theatre by spraying a fine mist of carbolic acid into the air.
Lord Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
• He demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease.
• He perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture.
Robert Koch (1893-1910)
He used gelatin to prepare solid media but it was not an ideal because (explain)
Robert Koch (1893-1910)
because
(i) Since gelatin is a protein, it is digested by many bacteria capable of producing a proteolytic exoenzyme gelatinase that hydrolyses the protein to amino acids.
(i) It melts when the temperature rises above 25°C.
• One of Koch’s assistant first proposed the use of agar in culture media.
• It was not attacked by most bacteria.
• Agar is better than gelatin because of its higher melting pointing (96°) and solidifying (40 - 45°c) points.
Fanne Eilshemius Hesse (1850 - 1934)
• He developed the Petri dish (plate), a container used for solid culture media.
Richard Petri (1887)
• First to prevent small pox.
• He discovered the technique of vaccination.
Edward Jenner (1749-1823)
• He discovered the penicillin from penicillium notatum that destroy several pathogenic bacteria.
Alexander Flemming
• He discovered the treatment of syphilis by using arsenic
• He sudied toxins and antitoxins in quantitative terms & laid foundation of biological standardization
Paul Erlich (1920)
IMPORTANT DISCOVERIES:
Bacteria:
• Hansen (1874) -
• Neisser (1879) -
• Ogston (1881) -
• Loeffler (1884) -
• Roux and Yersin -
• Leprosy bacillus
• Gonococcus
• Staphylococcus
• Diphtheria bacillus
• Diphtheria toxin
