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321 > 1st Part > Flashcards

1st Part Flashcards

1
Q

What is personality

A

Its the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make one unique

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2
Q

What is shown when we are born

A

Temperament that develops into traits over time

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3
Q

What is an important characteristic of traits

A

They give our performances their recognizable social and emotional brand

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4
Q

What is developed in motivational agent

A

Goals, values, motives, strivings, projects

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5
Q

Do the layers replace each other

A

No layered on top of one another

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6
Q

What is worked on in young adults in the autobiographical author

A

Identity work which is involved in forming a meaningful story

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7
Q

What differentiates humans

A

Our brains (bigger brain and more neuro cortex) and our social nature (evolved to live in complex and flexible groups)

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8
Q

What did homo habilis do

A

Hands for tools
Hunt and scavenge food
Live in organized groups

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9
Q

What did homo Erectus do

A

Fire
Campsites
Dividing labour between groups
Having subgroups
Defending a home

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10
Q

What did homo sapiens do

A

Shared intentionality (pfc and temporal love expanded)
Migratory soc groups
Developed language leading to proliferation of creativity

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11
Q

What is kin selection

A

Protecting those who share the same genes as us

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12
Q

What is reciprocal altruism

A

Humans help each other and return favours
helping others improves our inclusive fitness

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13
Q

What are the group dynamics concerning altruism

A

Egotists take advantage of altruists

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14
Q

Who wins in group competition with altruists

A

Group with more altruists wins
What benefits the group benefits its members

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15
Q

Group identification

A

Humans have a need to belong

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16
Q

Minimal group paradigm

A

Group identity with small groups

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17
Q

Social identity

A

Adopt groups goals and values and incorporate into self concept

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18
Q

In-group

A

Groups we belong to

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19
Q

Out-group

A

Groups in direct opposition to

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20
Q

Why is religion important

A

It fosters group solidarity while providing a common transcendent meaning to our lives

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21
Q

Cultural practices simple end are

A

Group norms and standard procedures

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22
Q

Cultural practices complex end are

A

Moral/legal codes and religion

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23
Q

Socio analytic theory of personality

A

Human nature to live in groups seeking social acceptance and status
Self presentation and impression management are fundamental
Reputation is the prime importance
Quality of reputation is important for getting along and ahead

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24
Q

Why is gossip powerful

A

It is the conveyance of group members’ behaviour and helps maintain or destroy their reputation
That is why it is anticipated so we display more prosocial and less antisocial behaviour

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25
Q

What is wrong with the myers-briggs test

A

Not valid
Don’t use dimensions
Not reliable

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26
Q

Why is the big 5 reliable

A

It has been show that accurate between self and other reports

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27
Q

Is the big 5 valid

A

Yes

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28
Q

Lexical approach

A

Started with 18,000 trait words and reduced them slowly 5000 then 180

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29
Q

Factor analytic approach

A

Statistical method examining factor loadings to identify broad dimensions
180 to 5

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30
Q

What are the big 5

A

Extraversion-introversion
Neuroticism-emotional stability
Openness-conventional
Agreeableness-quarrelsome
Conscientiousness-carelessness

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31
Q

What are the 2 dimensions of extraversion

A

Social vitality: sociability and enjoy being around others
Social dominance: assertiveness and capturing the attention of others

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32
Q

Is anger tied to extraversion

A

Yes

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33
Q

What is neuroticism

A

Tendency of experiencing negative emotions
Nervousness, anxiety and worry

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34
Q

What is openness

A

Tendency to be receptive to new ideas and experiences
Curiosity, creativity and refined

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35
Q

Which big 5 is tied to intelligence

A

Oppenness

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36
Q

What is agreeableness

A

Tendency to be concerned for others and have warm and trusting sentiments
Nothing to do with being dominated by others that is soc dominance

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37
Q

What is consciousness

A

Tendency towards organization, persistence and motivation in goal directed behaviour
Hardworking, reliable and ambitious

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38
Q

What are traits

A

Dimensions of individual differences in tendencies to show consistent patterns of thought, feelings and actions

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39
Q

What are the caveats of the big 5

A

There is more nuance to the big 5
There is more to personality than the big 5
Big 5 isn’t what is most unique about us
Natural to try to pin down profile

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40
Q

Which traits are interpersonal

A

Extraversion and agreeableness

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41
Q

Routines

A

Pre established pattern of action that is seen in a performance and may be seen in different occasions

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42
Q

Personal fonts

A

Unique manner of acting a routine

43
Q

When does social actor start

A

When we are born

44
Q

What emotions can be seen at 1 month

A

General distress, general contentment, interest and disgust

45
Q

What emotions are expressed by 2-7 months

A

Joy, surprise, anger, sadness and fear

46
Q

What internal attachment working models and shown by 6-7 months

A

Stranger and separation anxiety and evolutionary purpose

47
Q

When does self awareness begin

A

Around 18 months

48
Q

Positive emotionality

A

Basic temperament tendency to feel positive affect and act positive emotional engagement with the social world
Higher = social and energetic
Lower = shy and reserved
Children higher

49
Q

Behaviour approach system

A

Motivate approaching potentially rewarding situations
More about wanting something/ the reward than liking the reward

50
Q

Negative emotions

A

Expressed at birth then more complex by 2 yrs old
Signal there is a problem and inclusive fitness demands we solve it

51
Q

Negative emotionality

A

Fearful, inhibited and prone ro frustration
Low= calm, resilient and emotionally stable
Infants more vulnerable

52
Q

Is neuroticism negative emotionality

A

Yes

53
Q

What are the 5 aspects of neurotic cascade

A
  1. More reactive to signs of threat/negative emotions
  2. Exposed to more negative events
  3. Appraise objectively neutral or positive events negatively
  4. Mood spillover/rumination
  5. Sting of familiar problems
54
Q

Flight-fight-freeze system

A

Fear is the primary emotion
Immediate threats to survival
High levels of fear in kids = overactive fffs

55
Q

Behavioural inhibition system

A

Anxiety is the primary emotion
Potential threats associated with uncertainty and conflict about approach or avoidance
High neuroticism = overactive bis
Strongly shaped by experience

56
Q

Hexaco model

A

Adds humility/honesty (agreeableness)
Ashton and lee

57
Q

Can big 5 be seen in different cultures and languages

A

Yes

58
Q

Are traits same in diff cultures

A

No depends on which traits are ideal/valued

59
Q

Chimps study big 5

A

Chimps have complex social cognitive functions = have consciousness
Extraversion also broken down into 2

60
Q

Can big 5 predict consistencies in behaviour

A

Yes only in multiple behavioural measures aggregated
Not just one but multiple events

61
Q

Clinician’s experience, miller 1991

A

Diverse clients
N highest t-score
Big 5 can be useful cause provide detail of client’s needs
Can anticipate and understand the client’s private experience
Can anticipate problems in treatment
Understand how ro formulate session

62
Q

Big 5 influences on therapy

A

N: intensity and duration of client’s distress (motivate investment)
E: energy and enthusiasm for therapy (structured/unstructured)
O: reactions to interventions (traditional/novel)
A: subjective reaction to therapist (therapeutic alliance)
C: willingness to do the work of therapy (homework)

63
Q

Highlights of rehabilitating quarrelsomeness papers

A

Promotes diversity approach
Discourage groupthink/conforming
Willingness to fight for what is right
Adaptive in competitive contexts

64
Q

Suzan Cains definition of introversion

A

More quiet types
Easily overstimulated by environment
Need alone time to recharge
More interested in listening

65
Q

Rise of extravert ideal

A

Industrial america
Switched from inner virtue to outer charm

66
Q

How are people teaching children to be extroverts

A

Quiet seen as unacceptable and gregarious
Parents told to socialize kids and discourage solidarity
Kids start school earlier
Socializing seen as preparing for real world:
Universities accept only outgoing people
All jobs require self presentation skills
Increase in anti-anxiety meds

67
Q

Is there an extraversion bias

A

Yes

68
Q

Is there an increased pressure to maintain, never be seen anxious and sell ourselves

A

Yes

69
Q

Personality and compatibility, kelley and conley

A

50 year study, married couples
N strongest negative predictor
A, c and e positive association
High n and low a and c leads to end

70
Q

Personality traits similar between spouses in 4 cultures, mccrae and costa

A

More likely to be with someone with similar traits
N important predictor of outcome
Chose partners more based on quality of openness

71
Q

Job performance meta-analysis, barrick and mount

A

150 studies examined, 1950-990
Organized results to big 5
C is strongest predictor across performance criteria
O predictive only for training proficiency
E higher do better for sales and managers

72
Q

Standford buisness believes diverse backgrounds and personalities can strengthen groups

A

Yes

73
Q

Job performance of teams, neuman et al

A

Better to have high a, variations in a not good
Better to have high c, variations in c not good
Small benefits for mixed e

74
Q

is grit consciousness , duckworth

A

Yes

75
Q

Hyperthermic temperament

A

Extraversion on steroids

76
Q

Tony robins

A

Need to know how to sell yourself, every encounter is a high stakes game
Knowledge is useless without action
Unstated promise: you can overcome what is holding you back and become superior

77
Q

Harvard buisness schools

A

Tries to turn quiet students into talkers
War of egos
Teaches group synergy: higher ranking for group than one individual in group

78
Q

Errors we tend to make in group dynamics

A

Perceive talkers as smarter and leaders
Rate quick talkers more capable and appealing than slow talkers
Follow those that initiate action
Overestimate how outgoing leaders need to be

79
Q

Introverted vs extraverted leaders, adam grant

A

Greater profits for extraverts when employees passive but greater profits for introverts with proactive employees
Introvert leaders 20% more likely to take a suggestion, 24% better results
Extrovert leaders 22% better in passive condition

80
Q

Introverts and media

A

More likely to share personal facts online
Have no issue blogging to world
Feel like they can express the real me
Spend more time in certain discussions
Open to communicating digitally

81
Q

Personality disorder

A

Consider cultural norms to see deviant behaviour
Diagnosed cause present since young and continuing

82
Q

Cluster a

A

Odd patterns of thinking
Schizoid: extreme isolation, inability to enjoy social relations
Shizotypal: soc akwarsness, bizzare thoughts and behaviors
Paranoid: suspiciousness, hostility, lack of trust

83
Q

Cluster b

A

Erratic patterns of behaviour
Histrionic: flamboyant but superficial, self-centred
Narcissistic: grandiosity, lack of empathy, need for admiration
Antisocial: cruel and aggressive, sociopathy
Borderline: emotional instability, emptiness, fear of abandonment

84
Q

Cluster c

A

Erratic patterns of emotions
Dependent: submissive and passive style, need ro be taken care of
Avoidant: soc withdrawal out of fear of criticism or inadequacy
Obsessive-compulsive: rigid adherence to rules and details, desire for protection

85
Q

Problems with clinical assessment of narcissism

A

Diagnosis unreliable
Only need to show 5 out of 9 symptoms
People with same disorder might only share one aspect in common
Often can be diagnosed with more than one personality disorder

86
Q

Mccrae and costa 2009

A

Tried to tied personality disorder axis 2 to big 5
Schizoid related to introversion
Histrionic related to extroversion, wrong
Dependent related to agreeableness, wrong
Antisocial related ro quarrelsomeness
High c related ro compulsive disorders, wrong

87
Q

Dimensional personality disorder diagnosis, hopwood et al

A

Five factor model
Cross cultural validity
Childhood antecedents
Temporal stability
Predictable
Neurobiological and multivariate genetic behavioural correlates

88
Q

Dsm 5

A

Unreliable and heterogeneity in categories

89
Q

Elements of personality functioning

A

Self: identity and self-direction
Interpersonal: empathy and intimacy

90
Q

Personality inventory for dsm5 PID 5

A

Overlaps well with big 5 except openness
Being at the extreme of one of the big 5 does not mean you score high on PID
Normal behavior not pathological is assessed in big 5

91
Q

NPD narcissism

A

2 factors of antagonism: grandiosity and attention seeking

92
Q

VIA classification of strengths

A

Positive psychology
Everyone possesses 24 character strengths in different degrees

93
Q

Can big 5 predict personality disorder

A

No

94
Q

Liar’s club by mary karr

A

Social actors are prone to aggression
Mary’s mom
Acts without considering consequences
Keeps fury inside
Psychotic rage

95
Q

Self regulation

A

Depends on observation of an actor from others
Need to regulate ourselves

96
Q

Social awareness

A

By 2 children feel pride when actions validated
Learn what brings social approval and what not

97
Q

Objective self-awareness

A

Actor becomes aware of self as an object of perception

98
Q

Ego depletion

A

Inner resources of self-regulatory energy has been used up
Exert self control= poor performance on next task

99
Q

Emotional regulation differences

A

Individualistic: encourage high-arousal pos emotions
Collectivist: encourage and reinforce low-arousal pos emotions

100
Q

Development of self regulation

A

6 months: primitive self-regulation
12 months: attempt to calm themselves
2: cope with frustration by talking, playing or distracting themselves
2-3: more strategic, look sad

101
Q

Marshmallow test

A

Most 4 year olds can’t delay gratification
30% of original sample succeeded
Most effective is distraction

102
Q

Benefits of delayed gratification

A

4: high levels of effortful control
Higher sat scores
Higher levels of self-control

103
Q

Effortful control

A

Active and voluntary capacity to withhold a dominant response in order to enact a subordinate response
Executive control of attention + inhibition of potentially distracting impulses
Dimension of temperament

104
Q

Ec differences

A

Higher in girls
Higher in high ses
Higher in chinese and korean preschoolers

321 (2 decks)

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