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Bio Chem 2 > 1st midterm > Flashcards

1st midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

How many asymmetric carbons are in a D-glucose molecule? D-fructose? D-ribose?

A 
D-glucose = 4 asymmetric carbons 
D-fructose = 4 asymmetric carbons
D-ribose = 3 asymmetric carbons (5 total carbons)
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2
Q

T or F: D-ribose forms a hexose?

A

False; D-ribose (5 carbons) forms a pentose

Glucose, galactose, fructose form hexose

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3
Q

T or F: Disaccharides and polysaccharides are examples of complex sugars?

A

False; mono- and disaccharides are simple sugars

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4
Q

Where are the anomeric -OH and anomeric -C found?

A

Where the ring closes;

The -OH group connected to the last asymmetric carbon attaches w/ the C originally connected to C=O (aldose, keytose…)

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5
Q

Is the anomeric -OH group up or down in the Alpha configuration?
What about the Beta configuration?

A 
Alpha = down
Beta = up
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6
Q

Is D-fructose an aldose, a ketose, or a pentose?

A

Keytose

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7
Q

Which carbon is the anomeric carbon on D-fructose?

A

C2

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8
Q

What type of bond links two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bond (requires at least one anomeric carbon)

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9
Q

What monosaccharides makes up Sucrose?

What is the bond arrangement?

A

Glucose and Fructose

alpha,beta-1,2 glycosidic bond

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10
Q

What monosaccharides makes Lactose?

What is the bond arrangement?

A

Glucose and Galactose

beta-1,4 glycosidic bond

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11
Q

What monosaccharides make Maltose?

What is the bond arrangement?

A

2 Glucose molecules

alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond

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12
Q

Is Amylose a mono, di, or polysaccharide?

What types of glycosidic bonds does amylose have?

A

Polysaccharide

alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds

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13
Q

Is Amylopectin a mono, di, or polysaccharide?

What types of glycosidic bonds does amylopectin have?

A

Polysaccharide
alpha-1,4 glycosidic bonds, but also has alpha-1,6 glycosidic bonds (every 25-30 glucose units) for branching = more efficient packaging

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14
Q

Which polysaccharide has more branching, glycogen or amylopectin?

A

Glycogen

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15
Q

What are the requirements for a structure to be GAG (glycosaminoglycan)?
(6)

A

An amine group (NH2) &

Carboxyl group &/or Sulfate sugar (OSO3)

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16
Q

GAGs are important structural compounds in connective tissue and …. ? (6)

A

Cartilage

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17
Q

Because of their hydrophilic nature, proteoglycans serve what two functions in the interstitium?

A

1) act as cushions

2) serve as molecular sieves (barrier to larger molecules such as bacteria)

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18
Q

Which GAG is at the center of a proteoglycan?

A

Hyaluronic Acid

Huge. 50,000 repeats

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19
Q

Which GAG(s) are on the outside of proteoglycans? (look like mascara brushes?)

A 
Chondroitin Sulfates (beta-1,3 bond)
Keratan Sulfates (alpha-1,4 bond)
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20
Q

What is cellulose made our of?

A

Beta-1,4 polymers of glucose

=most abundant organic compound in nature

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21
Q

Is cellulose digestible?

Is cellulose a linear polymer? What structure does it form?

A

Non-digestible (part of food fiber)
Linear Polymer
Forms Sheets

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22
Q

Do saturated or unsaturated fatty acids contain C=C double bonds?

A

Unsaturated

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23
Q

In unsaturated fatty acids, are the H+ in the C=C double bonds in the cis or trans conformation?

A

Cis

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24
Q

Which has a higher melting point, saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated

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25
Q

Are triglycerides amphipathic? (have a non-polar and a polar end)
Are fatty acids amphipathic?

A

Triglycerides are non-polar and NOT amphipathic (15)

Fatty acids ARE amphipathic (13)

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26
Q

Do trans-fatty acids behave like a solid or a liquid?

A

Solid (13)

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27
Q

What is the formula for Palmitic fatty acid?

Is it saturated or unsaturated?

A

CH3 (CH2)14 COOH

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28
Q

What is the formula for Stearic fatty acid?

Is it saturated or unsaturated?

A

CH3 (CH2)16 COOH

saturated

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29
Q

What is the formula for Palmitoleic acid?

Is it saturated or unsaturated?

A

CH3 (CH2)5 CH=CH (CH2)7 COOH

monounsaturated

30
Q

What is the formula for Oleic acid?

Is it saturated or unsaturated?

A

CH3 (CH2)7 CH=CH (CH2)7 COOH

monounsaturated

31
Q

What is the formula for Linoleic fatty acid?

Is it saturated or unsaturated?

A

CH3(CH2)4 CH=CHCH2CH=CH (CH2)7COOH

polyunsaturated *essential

32
Q

What is the formula for Linolenic fatty acid?

Is it saturated or unsaturated?

A

CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH

polyunsaturated *essential

33
Q

Which 2 fatty acids are considered essential?

A

Linoleic and Linolenic

34
Q

What do fatty acids placed in water form?

A

Micelles

35
Q

What is the product when you hydrolize a triglyceride?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

36
Q

What is it called when you hydrolize a triglyceride with a base?

A

Saponification

16

37
Q

What is the term when you go from a liquid form triglyceride to a solid form triglyceride?
Are you going from saturated to unsaturated, or unsaturated to saturated?

A

Hydrogenation-hardening
Unsaturated to saturated
(17)

38
Q

Where do oxidation of triglyceride reactions occur on the triglyceride?

A

At or near the C=C bond

18

39
Q

True or False: When triglycerides are oxidized and short chain fatty acids are formed, they are considered more stable?

A

False; short chains are more volatile

18

40
Q

Does peroxidation involve saturated or unsaturated fatty acids?

A

UNsaturated b/c C=C bond

18

41
Q

What happens when peroxidation occurs?

A

A single H+ (electron) is lost next to C=C by oxidizers, and a free radical is formed
The remaining electron becomes delocalized over all 3 carbons to become more stable
(18)

42
Q

What is the role of anti-oxidants?

A

Prevent peroxidation or reverse it

19

43
Q

Which vitamin is a common anti-oxidant found in a cell membrane?

A

Vitamin E

19

44
Q

Are phosphoglycerides amphipathic?

A

Yes

21

45
Q

True or False: Phosphoglycerides are the predominant component of the lipid by layer?

A

True

21

46
Q

Is increasing the number of bonds to Oxygen a characteristic describing oxidation or reduction?

A

Oxidation

24

47
Q

Is loosing electrons a characteristic describing oxidation or reduction?

A

Oxidation

24

48
Q

In anabolism, do molecules converge on the Kreb’s cycle, or diverge from the Kreb’s cycle?

A

Diverge from the Kreb’s cycle

24

49
Q

Once you pass the “committed step” in a metabolic pathway, is the reaction described as having a (+) or (-) delta G?

A

Negative

26

50
Q

In general, does a decrease of ATP favor anabolic or catabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic
(decreased ATP means will produce more ATP which is done by catabolism)
(27)

51
Q

True or False: Catabolism is activated by ATP and anabolism is activated by AMP, ADP

A

False: catabolism is inhibited by ATP and anabolism is inhibited by AMP, ADP
(27)

52
Q

Does entropy increase or decrease with increased temperature?

A

Entropy increases

29

53
Q

If products are greater than reactants, is delta G positive or negative? Is this a downhill or uphill reaction?

A

P>R (Keq>1) means delta G is negative = downhill reaction = exergonic = spontaneous
(30)

54
Q

If reactants are greater than products, is delta G positive or negative? Is this a downhill or uphill reaction?

A

If R>P, (Keq<1), delta G is positive = uphill reaction

30

55
Q

What are the two requirements for a bond to be considered a “high energy bond”?

A

1) involves reactions with negative delta G

2) can be coupled to uphill process

56
Q

Does a lower pH give a more negative or less negative delta G?

A

Less negative delta G. Phosphates are protonated at lower pH = less electrostatic strain
(34)

57
Q

What affect does Mg(+2) or Mn(+2) have on delta G?

A

Gives a less negative delta G b/c has less electrostatic strain b/c phosphates are often chelated (ionically attracted)
(34)

58
Q

Are phosphoanhydride bonds kinetically stable? Do they need an enzyme to break these bonds?

A

Yes, they are chemically stable and need an enzyme to break this bond
(35)

59
Q

True or False: The conversion of ATP to AMP always involves pyrophosphate?

A

Ture

38

60
Q

Where is the majority (2/3) of glucose we consume found?

A

Stored in the liver as glycogen

61
Q

True or False: glucose mainly comes into cells via active transport through the cell membrane?

A

False; glucose enters cells via Facilitated Diffusion due to concentration gradient
(42)

62
Q

What are the 4 major events in glycolosis?

A 
Priming 
Cleavage
ATP formation 
Lactate formation
(44)
63
Q

What are the two enzymes involved in the priming step of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase (ATP to ADP)
PFK (ATP to ADP)
Both are downhill reactions
(45)

64
Q

What is the enzyme involved with the cleavage step in glycolysis?
Does this step have a negative delta G?

A

Aldolase
This step has a positive delta G = unfavorable = uphill
(45)

65
Q

Ture or False: Formation of lactate from pyruvate marks the end of aerobic glycolysis?

A

False; formation of pyruvate marks the end of aerobic glycolysis. Making lactate = anaerobic
(46)

66
Q

Which enzyme, hexokinase or glucokinase, has a larger Km value?

A

Glucokinase

43

67
Q

Where does glucokinase enzyme found/work?

A

In the liver. Has no G-6-phosphate inhibition (like hexokinase) so it can process more glucose
(43)

68
Q

Which enzyme converts a 6-carbon sugar into two 3-carbon sugars in glycolysis?

A

Aldolase (cleavage)

48

69
Q

True or False: Glycerate-1,3-bisphosphate and Phosphoenolpyruvate are high energy phosphate donors?

A

True

48

70
Q

How many ATP’s are formed in the first half of glycolysis? the second half?

A

0 made in the first half, 2 used
4 made in the second half (0 used)
Total NET of +2

71
Q

True or False: The H isozyme of LDH favors lactate formation while the M isozyme favors aerobic metabolism and is inhibited by pyruvate?

A

False: The M (muscle, liver) isozyme of LDH favors lactate formation while the H (heart, brain) isozyme favors aerobic metabolism and is inhibited by pyruvate, favors aerobic metabolism
(49)

Bio Chem 2 (4 decks)

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