1st lecture - pharmacodynamics

Question 1

Pharmacodynamics explains

Answer 1

where, how and why a medicinal product acts;
explains the mechanism of action of the medicinal product

“biological effects”

Question 2

the Primary pharmacodynamic reaction is

Answer 2

the molecular mechanism of action of a medicinal product.

Question 3

the Secondary pharmacodynamic reaction is

Answer 3

the change in the physiological functions of organs due to the effect of the drug.

Question 4

A medicinal product can impact the cells by: (4)

Answer 4

By changing the physicochemical conditions in the extracellular environment

By impacting the ion channels of membranes

By impacting cell metabolism by changing the enzyme systems or DNA and RNA activity

By acting on regulatory (neural, humoral) processes

Question 5

define pharmacon

Answer 5

A medicine or drug.

Question 6

The binding of a pharmacon with cell substrate achieves

Answer 6

the treatment effect

Question 7

The binding of pharmacon with blood plasma or tissue proteins, lipids achieves what

Answer 7

deposition/ depot formation

Question 8

The binding of pharmacon with Specific antibodies achieves

Answer 8

depot formation

Question 9

The binding of pharmacon with Enzymes achieves

Answer 9

metabolism of the medicinal product or the activity level of enzymes changes

Question 10

explain what receptors are

Answer 10

biochemical components of the cell (a molecule or a polymeric structure on the surface or inside a cell) that reacts specifically with a drug molecule, transmitting its action to the cell.

Question 11

explain what acceptors are

Answer 11

Acceptors are the remaining binding locations after the receptors; so the acceptors are related to the deposition of the drug, its deactivation or transport.

e.g. plasma proteins “storing” substances

Question 12

Each receptor has its own

Answer 12

internal reaction partner or endogenous receptor ligand, which performs the role of physiological mediator.

The biological purpose is unrelated to medicinal products.

Question 13

Endogenous neurotransmitters often bind to

Answer 13

more than one type of receptor.

This allows the same signaling molecule to produce a variety of effects in different tissues.

Question 14

Classification of receptors by endogenous receptor ligand (5)

Answer 14

Acetylcholine – cholinoreceptors
Dopamine – dopamine receptors
Histamine - histamine receptors
Noradrenaline – adrenoreceptors
Serotonin – serotonin receptors

Question 15

Classification of receptors By drug (ligand is unknown) (min 3)

Answer 15

Opioid receptors
Benzodiazepine receptors
Barbiturate receptors

Question 16

Receptor agonist is

Answer 16

a pharmacon that has the same effect as an endogenous ligand (mimetics)

Question 17

Receptor antagonist is

Answer 17

a pharmacon that has the opposite effect as an endogenous ligand (blockers)

Question 18

mimetics are

Answer 18

receptor agonists

Question 19

blockers are

Answer 19

receptor antagonists

Question 20

explain Point of attack

Answer 20

the place where the reaction between the pharmacon and receptor occurs

Question 21

explain Effector organ

Answer 21

the organ where the point of attack is located (the place where the reaction between the pharmacon and receptor occurs)

Question 22

A receptor may be located on

Answer 22

a cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, enzyme molecule, etc.

Question 23

An excessive increase in concentration of drug will only

Answer 23

increase the side effects and not the treatment effect.

Question 24

What is effective concentration?

Answer 24

effective concentration (EC) is the minimum dose or concentration of a drug that produces a biological response.

Question 25

explain Therapeutic window

Answer 25

Also known as therapeutic amplitude or index

is the difference between a therapeutic and a toxic dose

Question 26

the higher the therapeutic index, the ?

Answer 26

safer the drug

(describes the gap between effective dose and toxic dose)

Question 27

explain Secondary pharmacodynamic effect

Answer 27

the change in the function of organs, organ systems or the organism as a whole due to a drug.

It follows the primary pharmacodynamic effect.

Question 28

explain Drug’s affinity

Answer 28

its ability to bind a receptor.

Determines the concentration of drug required to form a significant number of drug-receptor complexes that are responsible for drug action.

Question 29

explain drug efficacy

Answer 29

the drug’s ability to initiate changes that lead to the production of responses.

Question 30

explain drug potency

Answer 30

the concentration of drug required to achieve a given effect.

Question 31

Drug interaction examples (5)

Answer 31

increase in potency
can inhibit
competition for the same receptors

Insoluble compound formation leading to no absorption.

Pharmacokinetic interaction – a drug changes the absorption, distribution, metabolism, secretion of another drug.

Question 32

Side effects are

Answer 32

(in most cases) undesired effects occurring concurrently with the therapeutic effect.

Sometimes used as treatment effects
e.g. aspirin (NSAID) used for anticoagulation.

Question 33

Contraindications are

Answer 33

conditions (a situation or factor) that serve as a reason not to take a certain medical treatment due to the harm that it would cause the patient

Question 34

difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics?

Answer 34

pharmacokinetics is the movement of drugs through the body, whereas pharmacodynamics is the body’s biological response to drugs.

Question 35

in what part of a synapse does mediator synthesis occur?

Answer 35

presynapse

Question 36

in what part of a synapse is the mediator place of action?

Answer 36

postsynapse, receptors

Question 37

what is the difference between drug efficacy and drug potency?

Answer 37

Efficacy is the ability of a drug to elicit a physiologic response when it interacts with a receptor.

Potency is the amount of drug needed to produce a certain response. In general, potency is denoted as the median effective concentration/dose so refers to the concentration (EC50) or dose (ED50) of a drug required to produce 50% of that drug’s maximal effect.