1st lecture Flashcards
What is matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass. All matter is composed of atoms
3 forms of matter?
Liquid (blood), gas (oxygen), and solid (bone)
What is an atom?
The smallest particle that exhibits chemical properties of an element
What are the major elements related to A&P?
CHON P.S. — carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur
What are the minor elements related to A&P?
SSIP CM — Sulfur, sodium, iron, potassium, chlorine, magnesium
What does the atomic number on an element represent?
number of protons and electrons
What does the atomic mass on an element represent?
Proton + neutron mass. Does NOT include mass of electrons (they’re too small; only weigh about 1/800 of a proton/neutron)
How many atomic mass units do protons and neurons represent?
Singular protons and neutrons represent one amu (atomic mass unit)
Where is the atomic number located?
Top right corner (typically)
How can you find the number of neutrons by just looking at the atomic symbol block?
Subtract the mass (under the letters) from the atomic number.
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element but with a different number of neutrons
What are electrons attracted to (what will they match)?
Protons
What are radioisotopes?
Isotopes that are unstable because of too many neutrons
Physical half life:
Time it takes for half of the radioisotopes to become stable
Biological half life:
Time it takes for half of the radioactive material to be eliminated from body (think: biological—body)
How can radioisotopes become more stable?
Lose nuclear components via radiation
On the periodic table, how are the elements organized?
Rows: atomic number; columns: valence shell
Valence electrons:
number of electrons in outer shell
What is the Octet Rule?
Atoms without full outer shell will either gain, lose, or share electrons in effort to complete their shell
What is an ion?
Atom that loses or gains an electron
Covalent bond:
When an atom joins with another so they can share electrons to become stable
What are cations?
Ions with positive charge
If an atom loses an electron, what will its charge be?
Positive
If an atom gains an electron, what will its charge be?
Negative
What do elements on the left side tend to do when it comes to electrons?
Lose electrons (become more positive)
What do elements on the right side tend to do?
Gain electrons (become more negative)
How many electrons do outer shells want to hold?
8
Ionic bond:
Covalent bond between a cation and an anion, creates a crystal lattice structure known as a salt
What are atoms held together by covalent bonds called?
Molecules
How do covalent bonds work (single, double, triple)?
Single: sharing one pair of electrons; double: sharing two pairs; triple: sharing three pairs
In electronegativity, what is the difference between nonpolar and polar?
Nonpolar is the equal sharing of electrons; polar is the UNequal sharing.
Structure formed after bonding an anion and cation is:
a salt
Electronegativity is the _____
ABILITY OF AN ATOM TO ATTRACT SHARED ELECTRONS
Is polar hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
HYDROPHILIC
