1st Final Exam Flashcards by Angelo Baldelovar

third-highest disaster risk
worldwide (World Economic
Forum, 2018)

Philippines

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the land area exposed to

hazards;

60%

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population

susceptible (GFDRR, 2017)

75%

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According to (Alcayna et al. 2016) multi-hazard losses = close to?

billion USD

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an event, natural or man-
made, sudden or progressive,
w/c impacts w/such severity
that the affected community
has to respond by taking
exceptional measures

Disaster

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risk

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hazard

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vulnerability

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dangerous phenomenon,
substance, human activity or
condition that may cause loss
of life, injury, property damage,,
social &amp; economic disruption,
or environmental damage

Hazard

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extent to which a
community’s structure,
services, or environment are
likely to be damaged or
disrupted by the impact of a
hazard

Vulnerability

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(exposure)

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(carrying

capacity)

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the number of people,

property, systems, or other
elements present in hazard
zones that are thereby
subject to potential losses

Exposure

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the ability of people,

organizations, &amp; systems,
using available skills &amp;
resources, to face &amp; manage
adverse conditions,
emergencies, or disasters

Coping Capacity

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predisposed to natural

hazards due to
geographical location
(tropics & Pacific Ring of
Fire)

Philippines

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Hazards

geological
hydrometeorological
fire
rapid onset or slow onset

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Effects of Hazards

humans (physical, mental)
 society
 infrastructure, services
 livelihood
environment

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loss to element/s at risk

due to a phenomenon of a
given magnitude; scale
from

0 (no damage) to 10

total loss

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Elements Affecting Vulnerability

poverty
 early warning capability
 crisis management
 evacuation plans/shelters
 mitigating practices

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Types of Vulnerability

physical
social
economic
environmental

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residential/commercial
buildings
 infrastructure ~ transport
systems, utilities,
telecommunications
 or
critical facilities/lifelines 
hospitals, power plants,
public services agriculture

Physical Vulnerability

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vulnerable social classes 
poverty, single parents,
pregnant/lactating women,
children, elderly, handicapped
vulnerable livelihoods ~ e.g.
farmers &amp; fisher

Social Vulnerability

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losses to economic assets &amp;
processes
 evaluates direct loss
potential, indirect loss
potential, &amp; economic
damage potential

Economic Vulnerability

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disruption in manufacturing/
production of goods &amp;
services
 damage to infrastructure +
repair/replacement cost
 crop damage

Direct Loss Potential

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``` suspension of employment & services + secondary effects (epidemics, inflation, income disparities) ```

Indirect Loss Potential

``` anything concrete that can damage the economy of a region risk to production, distribution, & consumption or risks to natural environments/ecosystems ```

Environmental Vulnerability

``` the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, & recover from the effects of hazards in a timely & efficient manner... ```

Resilience

earthquakes, | tsunamis, volcanic eruptions

geological

typhoons, | floods, drought, El Niño

hydrometeorological

epidemic

biological

meteors

extraterrestrial

Hazards of Anthropogenic Origins

fire civil conflict pollution technological

pollution & contamination

Environmental Hazards

Socio-Economic, Political, & Security Hazards

criminal activity, violence civil unrest terrorism WMDs

little warning (e.g. earthquakes, flash floods)

sudden onset

(e.g. typhoons, | climate change)

slow onset

Effects of Hazards

``` humans (physical, mental) society infrastructure, services livelihood environment ```

``` ground vibration produced by the sudden release of energy (seismic waves) due to the disturbance of stability of rock masses beneath the Earth’s surface ```

Earthquake

tectonic activity, volcanic eruptions, debris avalanches/landslides, man-made explosions

Causes of Earthquakes

Earthquake Hazards

``` ground shaking & rupture liquefaction ground subsidence landslides tsunamis ```

leads to structural damage; disruption of transport services (roads)

Ground Shaking & Rupture

``` shaking leads to the release of water from porous rock weakens the ground & compromises infrastructure foundations ```

Liquefaction

sinking of the ground in conjunction w/tsunamis, amplifies risk to coastal areas

Earthquake-Induced Ground Subsidence

``` indicate vulnerabilities ~ dependent on: distance from seismically active areas (e.g. fault lines), geological/topographic conditions, structural conditions, demographics ```

Earthquake Hazard Maps

(building | codes)

mitigation/prevention

(drills & stockpiles)

preparedness

(“duck, cover, & hold”, | proper evacuation)

response

(restoring services)

recovery

``` large waves caused by earthquakes displacing massive volumes of ocean water rises in height when approaching shallow coastal areas ```

Tsunamis

``` signalled by rapid retreat of seawater from shoreline detected by warning centers (tsunami warning [highest], tsunami watch, tsunami advisory (lowest]) ```

Impending Tsunamis

high temperatures ~ injury, | infrastructure destruction

Lava Flow

volcanic mudflow (volcanic debris + H2O) hazardous due to depth & speed

Lahar

``` very fast (up to 500 kph) incandescent & turbulent blasts of lava fragments + pebbles + sand & dust + hot gases ```

Pyroclastic Flows

rock fragments ejected into | the air by an eruption

Ballistic Projectiles

``` causes respiratory problems stunts vegetative growth clogs waterways & machineries ```

Ash Fall

``` tremors, rumbling sounds steam emissions, unusual changes in water level drying of vegetation around volcano ```

Signs of a Volcanic Eruption

w/zones detailing different susceptibilities to volcanic hazards

Volcanic Hazard Maps

``` outward & downward movement of slope materials due to gravity influenced by slope gradient & consolidation, & water ```

Landslide (Mass Wasting)

Adverse Effects of Landslides

human injuries & casualties destruction of property disruption of electrical wires, water pipes, sewage lines agricultural damage land alteration

Landslides_Signs & Warnings

ground cracks & bulges leaning of post, tree, and/or fences sudden decreases in H2O level

``` may be due to collapse of a cavern roof; or the dissolving of rock (e.g. H2O-soluble limestone, triggered by rainfall) under a soil mantle ```

Sinkholes

average of typhoons in the Philippines

20year

recorded casualties of typhoon Yolanda (2013)

6,352

``` associated w/the weather & weather systems e.g. tropical cyclones, monsoons, ITCZ, thunderstorms, tornadoes ```

Meteorological Hazards

associated with the Earth’s water movement in relation to land e.g. floods

Hydrological Hazards

integrated e.g. a typhoon triggering a flash flood

Hydrometeorological Hazards

Tropical Cyclones

intense, heavy rainfall high, strong, & destructive winds storm surges

amihan

(NE)

habagat

(SW)

heavy rainfall & flooding especially in susceptible areas (e.g. NCR)

Monsoons

``` area where trade winds from the northern & southern tropics meet heavy rainfall, LPAs ```

ITCZ

drought significant agricultural impact

El Niño

above-normal rainfall ~ flooding in susceptible areas

La Niña

Effects of Climate Change

heat waves stronger typhoons longer/more severe droughts elevated sea levels ~ increases coastal vulnerabilities

Precursory Signs of Tropical Cyclones

cirrus clouds sea swells rising sea level darkening of skies increased wind speed

Adverse Effects of Cyclones

structural damage flying debris ~ injuries/ casualties storm surges, flooding hazard to sea craft socioeconomic disruption

Types of Flood

flash flood river flood coastal flood (storm surge) dam-spill landslide

Causes of Flood

intense/prolonged rainfall high tide, siltation of water channel extrusion of ground water storm surge

5 major river basins

Pampanga, Agno, Bicol, & Cagayan (PABC) & the Marikina-Laguna Lake Complex

4 major Luzon reservoirs

Ambuklao Binga San Roque Angat Pantabangan & Magat Dams

``` sudden, temporary, abnormal rise of seawater above sea level, generated by the strong winds of a typhoon accounts for 90% of typhoon- related casualties ```

Storm Surge

Effects of Storm Surges

human impact physical damages, socioeconomic disruption saltwater intrusion ~ farmland damage and/or water supply pollution

BFP Statsaverage of 42 | fire incidents/per day

2013-2017

BFP Stats of billion yearly | damages

Php 4.65

251

deaths/year

``` focused on fire triangle ~ removal of one component = fire is extinguished strategies: cooling, smothering, starvation ```

Fire Management

removal of heat e.g. by H2O

Cooling

removal of O2 | e.g. by fire blanket, foam

Smothering

removal of fuel

Starvation

fast spread, heat gases ~ causes drowsiness & asphyxiation (leading cause of fire-related deaths) heated smoke ~ ling damage

Fire Hazards

depends on fuel indicated in fire extinguisher labels

Classes of Fires

ordinary, combustible materials ~ wood, cloth, paper, rubber, plastics effectively managed by H2O

Class A Fires

flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, lacquer, paint, mineral spirits, alcoholmanaged via smothering/ oxygen exclusion

Class B Fires

energized electrical equipment managed by de-energizing high voltage circuits then using proper extinguisher

Class C Fires

``` combustible metals generates very high temperatures, making common extinguishing tools (e.g. water) ineffective ```

Class D Fires

kitchen fires ~ equipment, | oils

Class K Fires

For Fire Management, preventive | measures: proper loading of fire outlets, attending to open flames, precautions during smoking & cooking

preparedness

``` evacuation: checking alternate exits, keeping below smoke, checking doorknob temperatures before opening ```

response

restoring | services

recovery

``` can increase/ decrease disaster risk DRR policy needs to be properly implemented in order to save lives ```

development

frontline in ``` DRR; therefore DRR must be decentralized: it is a national responsibility + cooperation & implementation at the local government level ```

community

frequency, history, severity, intensity, time-frame, geography, manageability prioritising

Hazard Analysis

``` demographics, economy, land, disaster history, community organizations/programs/contacts situation analysis: analyzes vulnerabilities of sectors prioritising ```

Vulnerability Analysis

Reducing Exposure

hazard mapping floodplain management zoning establishing procedures for evacuation/relocation

Reducing Vulnerabilities

physical social economic environmental institutional

first aid, trauma care, medical stock maintenance

continuous training

Preparedness Plan Components

disaster risk assessment (DRA) community profile community warning system neighborhood directory members w/special needs