1st Final Exam Flashcards
third-highest disaster risk
worldwide (World Economic
Forum, 2018)
Philippines
the land area exposed to
hazards;
60%
population
susceptible (GFDRR, 2017)
75%
According to (Alcayna et al. 2016) multi-hazard losses = close to?
8
billion USD
an event, natural or man- made, sudden or progressive, w/c impacts w/such severity that the affected community has to respond by taking exceptional measures
Disaster
risk
R
hazard
H
vulnerability
V
dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury, property damage,, social & economic disruption, or environmental damage
Hazard
extent to which a community’s structure, services, or environment are likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a hazard
Vulnerability
(exposure)
E
(carrying
capacity)
C
the number of people,
property, systems, or other
elements present in hazard
zones that are thereby
subject to potential losses
Exposure
the ability of people,
organizations, & systems, using available skills & resources, to face & manage adverse conditions, emergencies, or disasters
Coping Capacity
predisposed to natural
hazards due to
geographical location
(tropics & Pacific Ring of
Fire)
Philippines
Hazards
geological
hydrometeorological
fire
rapid onset or slow onset
Effects of Hazards
humans (physical, mental) society infrastructure, services livelihood environment
loss to element/s at risk
due to a phenomenon of a
given magnitude; scale
from
0 (no damage) to 10
total loss
Elements Affecting Vulnerability
poverty early warning capability crisis management evacuation plans/shelters mitigating practices
Types of Vulnerability
physical
social
economic
environmental
residential/commercial buildings infrastructure ~ transport systems, utilities, telecommunications or critical facilities/lifelines hospitals, power plants, public services agriculture
Physical Vulnerability
vulnerable social classes poverty, single parents, pregnant/lactating women, children, elderly, handicapped vulnerable livelihoods ~ e.g. farmers & fisher
Social Vulnerability
losses to economic assets & processes evaluates direct loss potential, indirect loss potential, & economic damage potential
Economic Vulnerability
disruption in manufacturing/ production of goods & services damage to infrastructure + repair/replacement cost crop damage
Direct Loss Potential
suspension of employment & services + secondary effects (epidemics, inflation, income disparities)
Indirect Loss Potential
anything concrete that can damage the economy of a region risk to production, distribution, & consumption or risks to natural environments/ecosystems
Environmental Vulnerability
the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, & recover from the effects of hazards in a timely & efficient manner...
Resilience
earthquakes,
tsunamis, volcanic eruptions
geological
typhoons,
floods, drought, El Niño
hydrometeorological
epidemic
biological
meteors
extraterrestrial
Hazards of Anthropogenic Origins
fire
civil conflict
pollution
technological
pollution & contamination
Environmental Hazards
Socio-Economic, Political, & Security Hazards
criminal activity, violence
civil unrest
terrorism
WMDs
little
warning (e.g. earthquakes,
flash floods)
sudden onset
(e.g. typhoons,
climate change)
slow onset
Effects of Hazards
humans (physical, mental) society infrastructure, services livelihood environment
ground vibration produced by the sudden release of energy (seismic waves) due to the disturbance of stability of rock masses beneath the Earth’s surface
Earthquake
tectonic activity, volcanic
eruptions, debris
avalanches/landslides,
man-made explosions
Causes of Earthquakes
Earthquake Hazards
ground shaking & rupture liquefaction ground subsidence landslides tsunamis
leads to structural damage;
disruption of transport
services (roads)
Ground Shaking & Rupture
shaking leads to the release of water from porous rock weakens the ground & compromises infrastructure foundations
Liquefaction
sinking of the ground in conjunction w/tsunamis,
amplifies risk to coastal
areas
Earthquake-Induced Ground Subsidence
indicate vulnerabilities ~ dependent on: distance from seismically active areas (e.g. fault lines), geological/topographic conditions, structural conditions, demographics
Earthquake Hazard Maps
(building
codes)
mitigation/prevention
(drills & stockpiles)
preparedness
(“duck, cover, & hold”,
proper evacuation)
response
(restoring services)
recovery
large waves caused by earthquakes displacing massive volumes of ocean water rises in height when approaching shallow coastal areas
Tsunamis
signalled by rapid retreat of seawater from shoreline detected by warning centers (tsunami warning [highest], tsunami watch, tsunami advisory (lowest])
Impending Tsunamis
high temperatures ~ injury,
infrastructure destruction
Lava Flow
volcanic mudflow (volcanic
debris + H2O)
hazardous due to depth &
speed
Lahar
very fast (up to 500 kph) incandescent & turbulent blasts of lava fragments + pebbles + sand & dust + hot gases
Pyroclastic Flows
rock fragments ejected into
the air by an eruption
Ballistic Projectiles
causes respiratory problems stunts vegetative growth clogs waterways & machineries
Ash Fall
tremors, rumbling sounds steam emissions, unusual changes in water level drying of vegetation around volcano
Signs of a Volcanic Eruption
w/zones detailing different
susceptibilities to volcanic
hazards
Volcanic Hazard Maps
outward & downward movement of slope materials due to gravity influenced by slope gradient & consolidation, & water
Landslide (Mass Wasting)
Adverse Effects of Landslides
human injuries & casualties
destruction of property
disruption of electrical wires,
water pipes, sewage lines
agricultural damage
land alteration
Landslides_Signs & Warnings
ground cracks & bulges
leaning of post, tree, and/or
fences
sudden decreases in H2O
level
may be due to collapse of a cavern roof; or the dissolving of rock (e.g. H2O-soluble limestone, triggered by rainfall) under a soil mantle
Sinkholes
average of typhoons in the Philippines
20year
recorded casualties of typhoon Yolanda (2013)
6,352
associated w/the weather & weather systems e.g. tropical cyclones, monsoons, ITCZ, thunderstorms, tornadoes
Meteorological Hazards
associated with the Earth’s
water movement in relation
to land
e.g. floods
Hydrological Hazards
integrated
e.g. a typhoon triggering a
flash flood
Hydrometeorological Hazards
Tropical Cyclones
intense, heavy rainfall
high, strong, & destructive
winds
storm surges
amihan
(NE)
habagat
(SW)
heavy rainfall & flooding
especially in susceptible
areas (e.g. NCR)
Monsoons
area where trade winds from the northern & southern tropics meet heavy rainfall, LPAs
ITCZ
drought
significant agricultural
impact
El Niño
above-normal rainfall ~
flooding in susceptible
areas
La Niña
Effects of Climate Change
heat waves
stronger typhoons
longer/more severe droughts
elevated sea levels ~
increases coastal
vulnerabilities
Precursory Signs of Tropical Cyclones
cirrus clouds
sea swells
rising sea level
darkening of skies
increased wind speed
Adverse Effects of Cyclones
structural damage
flying debris ~ injuries/
casualties
storm surges, flooding
hazard to sea craft
socioeconomic disruption
Types of Flood
flash flood
river flood
coastal flood (storm surge)
dam-spill
landslide
Causes of Flood
intense/prolonged rainfall
high tide, siltation of water
channel
extrusion of ground water
storm surge
5 major river basins
Pampanga, Agno, Bicol, &
Cagayan (PABC) & the
Marikina-Laguna Lake
Complex
4 major Luzon reservoirs
Ambuklao
Binga
San
Roque
Angat
Pantabangan
& Magat Dams
sudden, temporary, abnormal rise of seawater above sea level, generated by the strong winds of a typhoon accounts for 90% of typhoon- related casualties
Storm Surge
Effects of Storm Surges
human impact
physical damages,
socioeconomic disruption
saltwater intrusion ~
farmland damage and/or
water supply pollution
BFP Statsaverage of 42
fire incidents/per day
2013-2017
BFP Stats of billion yearly
damages
Php 4.65
251
deaths/year
focused on fire triangle ~ removal of one component = fire is extinguished strategies: cooling, smothering, starvation
Fire Management
removal of heat e.g. by H2O
Cooling
removal of O2
e.g. by fire blanket, foam
Smothering
removal of fuel
Starvation
fast spread, heat gases ~ causes drowsiness
& asphyxiation (leading
cause of fire-related deaths)
heated smoke ~ ling damage
Fire Hazards
depends on fuel
indicated in fire extinguisher
labels
Classes of Fires
ordinary, combustible
materials ~ wood, cloth,
paper, rubber, plastics effectively managed by H2O
Class A Fires
flammable liquids: gasoline,
oil, lacquer, paint, mineral
spirits, alcoholmanaged via smothering/
oxygen exclusion
Class B Fires
energized electrical
equipment managed by de-energizing
high voltage circuits then
using proper extinguisher
Class C Fires
combustible metals generates very high temperatures, making common extinguishing tools (e.g. water) ineffective
Class D Fires
kitchen fires ~ equipment,
oils
Class K Fires
For Fire Management, preventive
measures: proper loading of fire outlets, attending to open flames, precautions during smoking & cooking
preparedness
evacuation: checking alternate exits, keeping below smoke, checking doorknob temperatures before opening
response
restoring
services
recovery
can increase/ decrease disaster risk DRR policy needs to be properly implemented in order to save lives
development
frontline in
DRR; therefore DRR must be decentralized: it is a national responsibility + cooperation & implementation at the local government level
community
frequency, history,
severity, intensity, time-frame,
geography, manageability prioritising
Hazard Analysis
demographics, economy, land, disaster history, community organizations/programs/contacts situation analysis: analyzes vulnerabilities of sectors prioritising
Vulnerability Analysis
Reducing Exposure
hazard mapping
floodplain management
zoning
establishing procedures for
evacuation/relocation
Reducing Vulnerabilities
physical
social
economic
environmental
institutional
first
aid, trauma care, medical
stock maintenance
continuous training
Preparedness Plan Components
disaster risk assessment
(DRA)
community profile
community warning system
neighborhood directory
members w/special needs
