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1ST EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

DNA

A

It carries the information for creating the next generation

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2
Q

Gene

A

Is a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosomes that codes for a a particle trait.

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3
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncoiled DNA , or uncondensed form of DNA

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

Condensed or coiled DNA. a threadlike structure of nucleic acids carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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6
Q

Chromatid

A

one-half of a duplicated chromosome.

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7
Q

Haploid

A

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

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8
Q

Synapse

A

he fusion (crossover) of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.

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9
Q

Crossing over

A

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

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10
Q

Independent assortment

A

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

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11
Q

Random gamete fusion

A

he fusion of two haploid gametes results in the formation of a diploid zygote

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12
Q

Charles Darwin

A

a naturalist who proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection.

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13
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

was an Austrian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden. Mendel’s observations became the foundation of modern genetics and the study of heredity.

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14
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

had the revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection entirely independently of Charles Darwin.

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15
Q

Natural selection

A

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

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16
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarckian)

A

is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring

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17
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.

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18
Q

Mutation

A

a change in a DNA sequence.

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19
Q

Gene flow

A

transfer of genetic material from one population to another ( caused my migration)

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20
Q

Nonrandom Mating

A

mate selection is influenced by phenotypic differences based on underlying genotypic differences.

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21
Q

Assortative Mating

A

the tendency for people to choose mates who are more similar (positive) or dissimilar (negative) to themselves in phenotype characteristics than would be expected by chance.

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22
Q

Disassortative Mating

A

means that individuals with dissimilar genotypes or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under random mating.

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23
Q

Genetic drift

A

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

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24
Q

Founder effect

A

the reduction in genetic variation that results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony.

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25
Bottleneck effect
extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced. Events like natural disasters can decimate a population, killing most individuals and leaving behind a small, random assortment of survivors.
26
Artificial selection
where humans select for desirable traits in agricultural products or animals.
27
Selection
preferential survival and reproduction or preferential elimination of individuals with certain genotypes, by means of natural or artificial controlling factors.
28
Fitness
reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment.
29
Frequency-dependent selection
depends on how frequently or infrequently a phenotype occurs in a population.
30
Negative frequency-dependent selection
rare phenotypes are favored by selection
31
Positive frequency-dependent selection
Common phenotypes are favored' variation is elimination from the population.
32
Oscillating selection
selection favors one phenotype at one time, and a different phenotype at another time.
33
Heterozygote advantage
keep deleterious alleles in a population.
34
Homozygous dominant phenotype
no anemia; susceptible to malaria
35
Heterozygous phenotype
no anemia; less susceptible to malaria
36
Pleiotropy
sets limits on how much a phenotype can be altered
37
Industrial melanism
phenomenon in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter ones.
38
Absolute dating
age of fossils os estimated by rates of radioactive decay.
39
Relative dating
position of the fossil in the sediment.
40
half-life
the rate of decay
41
Archaeopteryx
the oldest known bird fossil. found in 1859
42
Tiktaalik
a species that bridged the gap between fish and the first amphibian.
43
Homologous structures
structures with different appearance and functions that all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor.
44
Vestigial structures
have no apparent function, but resemble structures their ancestors possessed.
45
Biogeography
the study of the geographic distribution of species
46
Convergent evolution
the independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related
47
Marsupials
young are born in an immature condition and held in a pouch until they develop
48
placentals
young are not born until they can safely survive in the external environment
49
Speciation
the process by which new species arise, either by transformation of one species into another, or by the splitting of one ancestral species into two descendant species
50
Sympatric speciation
the differentiation of populations within a common geographic area into species•Species that occur together.
51
Population
any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time.
52
Subspecies
within a single species, individuals in populations that occur in different areas may be distinct from one another.
53
biological species concept
members of a population mate with each other and produce fertile offspring
54
Reproductively isolated
populations whose members do not mate with each other or who cannot produce fertile offspring
55
Ecological isolation
species occur in the same area, but they occupy different habitats and really encounter each other. (lions and tigers)
56
Prezygotic isolating
a mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote.
57
Behavioral isolation
species differ in their mating rituals
58
pheromones
a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.
59
electroreception
the detection by an aquatic animal of electric fields or currents.
60
Temporal isolation
species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day
61
Mechanical isolation
structural differences between species prevent mating.
62
Prevention of gamete fusion
gametes of one species functions poorly with the gametes of another species or within the reproductive tract of another species.
63
Postzygotic isolation
isolation prevents normal development into reproducing adults.
64
Hybridization
mating between two different species with a zygote being formed.
65
Cladogenesis
one ancestral species becomes divided into two descendant species.
66
Reinforcement
incomplete isolating mechanisms are reinforced by natural selection until they are completely effective.
67
Random divergence
may affect traits responsible for reproductive isolation.
68
Sympatric speciation
involves the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more reproductively isolated groups without geographical isolation of those groups.
69
polyploidy
Individual is reproductively isolated from all other members of its species. individuals that have more than two sets of chromosomes.
70
Allopolyploidy
two species hybridize. Resulting offspring have one copy of the chromosomes of each species
71
disruptive selection
a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.
72
Adaptive radiations
closely related species that have recently evolved from a common ancestor by adapting to different parts of the environment.
73
Key innovation
evolves within a species allowing it to use resources or other aspects of the environment that were previously inaccessible.
74
Character displacement
natural selection in each species favors those individuals that use resources not used by the other species.
75
Gradualism
the accumulation of small changes.
76
Punctuated equilibrium
long periods of stasis followed by rapid change
77
Malaria
is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals.
78
Sexual dimorphism
distinct differences in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to differences between the sexual organs themselves.
79
Sickle cell anemia
is an inherited red blood cell disorder in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body.
80
Diploid
containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

BIO 202 (1 decks)

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