Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 202 > 1ST EXAM > Flashcards

1ST EXAM Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

It carries the information for creating the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Gene

A

Is a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosomes that codes for a a particle trait.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Allele

A

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chromatin

A

Uncoiled DNA , or uncondensed form of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Chromosome

A

Condensed or coiled DNA. a threadlike structure of nucleic acids carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chromatid

A

one-half of a duplicated chromosome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Haploid

A

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Synapse

A

he fusion (crossover) of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Crossing over

A

the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Independent assortment

A

how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Random gamete fusion

A

he fusion of two haploid gametes results in the formation of a diploid zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Charles Darwin

A

a naturalist who proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

was an Austrian monk who discovered the basic principles of heredity through experiments in his garden. Mendel’s observations became the foundation of modern genetics and the study of heredity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alfred Wallace

A

had the revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection entirely independently of Charles Darwin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Natural selection

A

the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics (Lamarckian)

A

is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it acquired during its lifetime to its offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mutation

A

a change in a DNA sequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gene flow

A

transfer of genetic material from one population to another ( caused my migration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nonrandom Mating

A

mate selection is influenced by phenotypic differences based on underlying genotypic differences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Assortative Mating

A

the tendency for people to choose mates who are more similar (positive) or dissimilar (negative) to themselves in phenotype characteristics than would be expected by chance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Disassortative Mating

A

means that individuals with dissimilar genotypes or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than would be expected under random mating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Genetic drift

A

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Founder effect

A

the reduction in genetic variation that results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

extreme example of genetic drift that happens when the size of a population is severely reduced. Events like natural disasters can decimate a population, killing most individuals and leaving behind a small, random assortment of survivors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Artificial selection

A

where humans select for desirable traits in agricultural products or animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Selection

A

preferential survival and reproduction or preferential elimination of individuals with certain genotypes, by means of natural or artificial controlling factors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fitness

A

reproductive success and reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

depends on how frequently or infrequently a phenotype occurs in a population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Negative frequency-dependent selection

A

rare phenotypes are favored by selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Positive frequency-dependent selection

A

Common phenotypes are favored’ variation is elimination from the population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Oscillating selection

A

selection favors one phenotype at one time, and a different phenotype at another time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

keep deleterious alleles in a population.

34
Q

Homozygous dominant phenotype

A

no anemia; susceptible to malaria

35
Q

Heterozygous phenotype

A

no anemia; less susceptible to malaria

36
Q

Pleiotropy

A

sets limits on how much a phenotype can be altered

37
Q

Industrial melanism

A

phenomenon in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter ones.

38
Q

Absolute dating

A

age of fossils os estimated by rates of radioactive decay.

39
Q

Relative dating

A

position of the fossil in the sediment.

40
Q

half-life

A

the rate of decay

41
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

the oldest known bird fossil. found in 1859

42
Q

Tiktaalik

A

a species that bridged the gap between fish and the first amphibian.

43
Q

Homologous structures

A

structures with different appearance and functions that all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor.

44
Q

Vestigial structures

A

have no apparent function, but resemble structures their ancestors possessed.

45
Q

Biogeography

A

the study of the geographic distribution of species

46
Q

Convergent evolution

A

the independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related

47
Q

Marsupials

A

young are born in an immature condition and held in a pouch until they develop

48
Q

placentals

A

young are not born until they can safely survive in the external environment

49
Q

Speciation

A

the process by which new species arise, either by transformation of one species into another, or by the splitting of one ancestral species into two descendant species

50
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

the differentiation of populations within a common geographic area into species•Species that occur together.

51
Q

Population

A

any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time.

52
Q

Subspecies

A

within a single species, individuals in populations that occur in different areas may be distinct from one another.

53
Q

biological species concept

A

members of a population mate with each other and produce fertile offspring

54
Q

Reproductively isolated

A

populations whose members do not mate with each other or who cannot produce fertile offspring

55
Q

Ecological isolation

A

species occur in the same area, but they occupy different habitats and really encounter each other. (lions and tigers)

56
Q

Prezygotic isolating

A

a mechanisms prevent the formation of a zygote.

57
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

species differ in their mating rituals

58
Q

pheromones

A

a chemical substance produced and released into the environment by an animal affecting the behavior or physiology of others of its species.

59
Q

electroreception

A

the detection by an aquatic animal of electric fields or currents.

60
Q

Temporal isolation

A

species reproduce in different seasons or at different times of the day

61
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

structural differences between species prevent mating.

62
Q

Prevention of gamete fusion

A

gametes of one species functions poorly with the gametes of another species or within the reproductive tract of another species.

63
Q

Postzygotic isolation

A

isolation prevents normal development into reproducing adults.

64
Q

Hybridization

A

mating between two different species with a zygote being formed.

65
Q

Cladogenesis

A

one ancestral species becomes divided into two descendant species.

66
Q

Reinforcement

A

incomplete isolating mechanisms are reinforced by natural selection until they are completely effective.

67
Q

Random divergence

A

may affect traits responsible for reproductive isolation.

68
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

involves the splitting of an ancestral species into two or more reproductively isolated groups without geographical isolation of those groups.

69
Q

polyploidy

A

Individual is reproductively isolated from all other members of its species. individuals that have more than two sets of chromosomes.

70
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

two species hybridize. Resulting offspring have one copy of the chromosomes of each species

71
Q

disruptive selection

A

a mode of natural selection in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values.

72
Q

Adaptive radiations

A

closely related species that have recently evolved from a common ancestor by adapting to different parts of the environment.

73
Q

Key innovation

A

evolves within a species allowing it to use resources or other aspects of the environment that were previously inaccessible.

74
Q

Character displacement

A

natural selection in each species favors those individuals that use resources not used by the other species.

75
Q

Gradualism

A

the accumulation of small changes.

76
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

long periods of stasis followed by rapid change

77
Q

Malaria

A

is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals.

78
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

distinct differences in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal in addition to differences between the sexual organs themselves.

79
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

is an inherited red blood cell disorder in which there aren’t enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body.

80
Q

Diploid

A

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

BIO 202 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions