1st Exam Flashcards
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues
What is osteology?
the study of bone
What are the three primary cell types of bone?
osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
osteoblast-form bone; osteocyte-maintain or nurture bone; osteoclast-remodel bone
What are the bone cells embedded in?
an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, & hyaluronic acid
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
collagen type I
What is the primary constituents of the bone mineral?
calcium, phosphate, citrate & carbonate ions
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, & radium
What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?
living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
What are the three responses to bone that allow it to be described as “living”?
it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
mesenchyme or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the second to the third month in utero
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of endochondral ossification?
from the second to the fifth month in utero
What part of the skull is derived from endochondral ossification?
chondrocranium
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
primary centers of ossification appear before birth
secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?
cortical or compound bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
What is the name given to a bone BELOW an articulating surface?
subchondral bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular COVERING of bone?
the periosteum
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular LINING of bone?
the endosteum
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontoGENETIC variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones
What are the classification given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal I?
heteroTOPIC and accessory bone
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessory bone
What are the names given to the parts of the long bone?
the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
they are essentially cuboidal
What are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What are flat bones?
a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
What are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and sternum
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla & sphenoid
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
What are examples of accessory bone?
para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What are the types of osseous elevations?
linear, rounded and sharp
What are the types of osseous linear elevation?
the line, ridge and crest
What is an example of the slightest type of osseous linear elevations?
transverse lines of sternum
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
What is the definition of an osseous malleolus?
a hammerhead-like elevation on the surface of bone
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
What is the definition of the osseous elevation called “spine”?
a thorn-like elevation from the surface of bone
What is the definition of an osseous process?
a relatively sharp bony projection from the surface of bone with an increased length
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisures, groove, and sulcus
What is the definition of an osseous groove?
a long furrow of variable depth on the surface of bone
What is the definition of an osseous sulcus?
a wide groove of variable length and depth on the surface of bone
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
the fovea and fossa
What is the definition of an osseous fossa?
a deep depression of variable circumference on the surface of bone
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
an irregular opening on the surface of bone
What are the names given to osseous Ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
an ostium passing completely through a THIN region of bone
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
an ostium passing completely through a THICK region of bone
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
meatus
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surfaces of adjacent bones
What are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets and rounded facets
What are examples of a flat osseous facet?
the articular facets of most zygapophyses of the vertebral column
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
What is the definition of an osseous condyle?
a knuckled-shaped surface on bone for osseous articulation
How many bones form the typical adult skeleton?
206 bones
What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?
the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
What bones form the axial skeleton?
the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
the cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
the calvaria or calva
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bones
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
What is the definition of “spine” as it pertains to the vertebral column?
the pre-sacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
the manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs
What term is used to identify the study of joints?
arthrology
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
snydesmology
What are the three histological classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid
What were the three classifications of joints based on movement potential?
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis and diarthrosis
Which classification of synarthrosis joints implies a bond condition?
syndesmosis
What is the classification of a joint held together with cartilage?
synchondrosis
What is the classification of a joint formed by a growth condition?
symphysis
What is the name given to a condition in which bones are fused together by bone?
synostosis
What is the condition in which teeth are abnormally aligned during closure of the mouth?
malocclusion
What fibrous connective tissue classically fills the joint space of a syndesmosis?
interosseous ligament
What are the classic examples of the less moveable or “fixed” syndesmosis?
tibia-fibula shaft articulation, radio-ulnar shaft articulation, coraco-clavicular joint or tympano-stapedial joint
What are the examples of the typical syndesmosis from the vertebral column?
most of the ligamentous joints of the vertebral column and ligamentous sacro-iliac joints
What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification canters within a cartilage template
What are examples of temporary cartilage joints?
metaphysis, neuro-central joint, neural arch joint, chondrocranium, costochondral joints and the first sternochondral joint
What are the examples of a permanent (amphiarthrosis)synchondrosis?
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
Which cartilage joint classification would be considered secondary?
(amphiarthrosis) symphysis
What type of cartilage is characteristic of the (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
fibrocartilage or fibrous cartilage
What are the characteristics of (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
What are the classic examples of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, sternal symphysis, and symphysis menti
Which example of (amphiarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
symphysis menti
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
Thickening of the fibrous capsule connective tissue will form the _______.
capsular ligament
What generic accessory ligaments may accompany and support the capsular ligament?
intracapsular and extracapsular ligaments
What are the characteristics of the type I articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint “at rest”
What are the characteristics of the type II articular receptors?
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
What are the characteristics of the type III articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, NOT initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
What is the function of type IV articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
Type IVa receptors would be present in what locations?
fibrous capsule, articular fat pads or adventitia of blood vessels
Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
Type IV articular receptors would be absent in what part(s) of the synovial (diarthrosis) joint?
synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial menisci or intra-articular discs
What are the three modifications of articular synovial membrane?
1 synovial villi, 2 articular fat pads or Haversian glands, 3 synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
What is the generic function of modifications of articular synovial membrane?
aid in spreading synovial fluid
What is the apparent function of synovial villi?
increase the surface of synovial membrane available for secretion-absorption Phenomena
Where are the articular fat pads located?
in the fibrous layer of synovial membrane; they are absent from articular cartilage, synovial menisci, intra-articular disc
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column?
lumbar zygapophyses
Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints examples?
temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygapophyses
What are the layers of the synovial membrane?
outer fibrous layer and an inner (luminal) cellular layer AKA synovial lamina intima
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
are phagocytic
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
What are the primary constituents of articular cartilage?
water, cells, collagen type II fibers and a proteoglycan gel
What is the primary function of bound glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume rapidly, a time independent property
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
Which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
boosted theory
Which theory of joint lubrication implies an ADsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surface is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
boundary theory
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and tastes salty
Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
hyaluronate
What substance of synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behaviors?
lubricin
What is a simple synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
only one pair of articulating surfaces are observed
What is a compound synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
more than two articulating surfaces are present in the same synovial joint
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
What are the classifications of synovial joints (diarthrosis) based on type of movement?
nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial and multiaxial synovial joints
What movements are accommodated by nonaxial synovial joints?
translational movement, a plane or gliding movement
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
What movements are accommodated by uniaxial synovial joints?
a single combination of movements relative to a single axis: flexion-extension or medial rotation-lateral rotation
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (diarthrosis trochoid)
What movements are accommodated by biaxial synovial joints?
movement in two independent planes at right angles to each other; flexion-extension combined with abduction-adduction
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, and saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), (diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifications given to the same type of joint
What are examples of synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joints?
most zygapophyses of the vertebral column; intercarpal, carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints of the hand; intercuneiform, tarsometatarsal and intermetatarsal joints of the foot
What are examples of synovial hinge (diarthrosis ginglymus) joints?
humero-ulnar joint of the elbow and interphalangeal joints of the fingers & toes
What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint
What is the shared morphological characteristic of diarthrosis trochoid joints?
an osseous pivot point and an osteo-ligamentous ring
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatarsal-phalangeal joints of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
Which synovial joint classifications are now often interchanged in textbooks?
ellipsoidal and condylar synovial joints
What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
What are examples of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?
femur-acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus-glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments
What constitutes the spine?
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
5 segments
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?
4 segments
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
the two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, and three toed sloth
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
the ant bear and three-toed sloth
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
the two toed sloth and manatee
What does the term “cervical” refer to?
the region of the neck
What does the term “thoracic” refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
12 segments
What does the term “lumbar” refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
5 segments
What does the term “sacrum” refer to?
the holy bone or holy region
What does the term “coccyx” refer to?
a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
about 70 cm or 28 in
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 cm or 25 in
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
about 3 in
What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
about 12 cm or 5 in
What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
about 28 cm or 11 in
What is the length of the male lumbar region (both measurements)?
about 18 cm or 7 in
What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)?
about 12 cm or 5 in
Based on the numbers for the individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine (both measurements)?
about 58 cm or 23 in
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?
comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
What organ(s) is(are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
When does the embryonic disc form?
second week in utero
When does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?
third week in utero
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
notochord
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
paraxial mesoderm
What embryonic structure gives rise to the somites?
paraxial mesoderm
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite?
sclerotome, myotome and dermatome
What are the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development?
membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
Migration of a somite pair to surround the notochord forms what development feature?
the perichordal blastema
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
neural processes and costal processes
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
intersegmental artery
What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
the intersclerotomal fissure (fissure of Von Ebner)
The intersclerotomal fissure (fissure of Von Ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?
the perichordal disc
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastema gives rise to what feature?
the vertebral blastema
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
the segmental artery
when will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastema?
beginning in the 6th embryonic week
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
chondrification
What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?
centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
six…2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches, 2 for each transverse process
