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PH 141 > 1st Exam > Flashcards

1st Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Tendency of measurable things to change

A

Variation

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2
Q

Collection, organization, analysis, interpretation of numerical data

A

Statistics

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3
Q

what is descriptive statistics?

A

technique for summarising and presenting data

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4
Q

what is inferential statistics?

A

making generalisations and conclusions about target sample

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5
Q

types of statistical inference?

A

estimation & hypothesis testing

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6
Q

process of computing a statistic to approximate the parameter

A

estimation

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7
Q

statistically deciding about rejecting or not rejecting a hypothesis

A

hypothesis testing

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8
Q

in what steps does statistics help the researcher?

A

designing the research, processing, organising & summarising data, quantifying variability, interpreting results and drawing conclusions

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9
Q

difference b/w qualitative and quantitative variable?

A

Qualitative - used as labels; Quantitative - indicates amount

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10
Q

Types of quantitative variable and define.

A

Discrete - only integral / whole numbers; Continuous- fractions / decimals

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11
Q

Levels of measurement and define.

A

Nominal - classificatory, for labels only; Ordinal - same as nominal… but can be ranked or ordered; Interval - same as ordinal… distance b/w all adjacent classes are equal… zero point arbitrary; Ratio - same with ordinal but with meaningful zero point

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12
Q

careful, organised & well-planned investigation of a problem

A

Research

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13
Q

heart of research

A

problem

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14
Q

characteristics of research

A

systematic, reproducible, objective

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15
Q

arrange in order: 1. final report writing 2. planning the research 3. identification of research & objectives 4. dissemination & utilisation of results .5. implementation of stud

A

3, 2, 5, 1, 4

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16
Q

characteristics of a good research problem?

A

feasible, timely & relevant, ethical

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17
Q

program objective

A

reflects the purpose or desired output of the intervention being considered

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18
Q 
Memorize: 
Identification of problem / introduction
Review of Related Literature
Rationale
Formulate hypothesis & define variables
Methodology
Ethical considerations
References, research personnel, timetable, budget
A

did you?

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19
Q

SMART?

A

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time bound

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20
Q

studying / examining only a segment of the population to represent a whole

A

Sampling

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21
Q

items of interest in the study

A

population

22
Q

Differentiate among: Target Population, Sampling Population, Sampling Unit

A

Target Population - group from which representative information is desired // to where inferences will be made

Sampling Population - where sample will be taken

Sampling Unit - units which are chosen in selecting the sample

23
Q

Target = Sampling?

A

no.

24
Q

Differentiate: Sampling Frame / Sampling Unit (Element)

A

Sampling Frame: collection of all units

Element : where measurement is actually taken

25
Q

2 kinds of basic sampling design. Differentiate

A

Non-probability sampling: the probability of a member of the population being part of a sample cannot be determined

Probability sampling: the probability of a member of population to be part of the sample has a none-zero chance of being selected

26
Q

Types of Non Probability Sampling?

A

Judgemental - subjective / based on pre-specified criteria
Accidental / Haphazard - those who are available
Quota - samples of a fixed size are obtained from pre-determined subdivisions
Snowball - hidden population
Convenience - study units are easily accessible

27
Q

Probability Sampling Designs?

A

Simple Random
Systematic Sampling - regular intervals
Stratified Random - stratify then random sampling
Cluster - cluster instead of individually studying
Multistage - phases >1 technique

*mind advantages & disadvantages

28
Q

Steps of pre-data collection

  • what
  • where
  • how
  • who
A

what: identify what date / variables to collects
where: determine source
how: develop tools for collecting data
who: train data collectors

29
Q

Sources of Health Data

A

census
registries of vital events
reports on notifiable diseases

30
Q

problem with registries of vital events / reports on notifiable diseases

A

underreporting

31
Q

data collection method:

A

query, observation, review of records

32
Q

types of query

A

interview (KII, normative), questionnaire, FGD

33
Q

types of observation

A

direct, use of instruments

34
Q

interview schedule

A

form containing a set of questions

35
Q

Hawthorn effect

A

tendency to mask reality while being observed

36
Q

systematic procedure to ensure that info / data are complete, consistent and suitable for analysis

A

data processing

37
Q

three major activities of data processing

A

data coding, data encoding, data editing

38
Q

types of codes

A

field: actual value / information
bracket: range
listing: list of categories
pattern: combinations of responses

39
Q

demography

A

study of population

40
Q

demography concentrates on three human phenomena

A

pop. size, pop. composition, pop. distribution

41
Q

Tools of demography

A

counts, ratio, proportion, rates

42
Q

information obtained during a census

A

geographic, household information, personal characteristics

43
Q

differentiate the allocation methods

A
  1. de jure - assign according to usual residence

2. de facto - assign where they are physically present

44
Q

Types of registration systems

A

vital registration systems
continuing population registers
others

45
Q

most visible evidence of a government’s legal recognition

A

birth registration

46
Q

describing population composition

A
  1. sex composition
    a. sex ratio
    b. sex structure
  2. age composition
    a. median age
    b. dependency ration
  3. age and sex composition
    population pyramid
47
Q

Factors affecting age composition

A

fertility level
peace & order situation
urban - rural differences
cultural

48
Q

types of population pyramids

A

n

49
Q

consequences of age & sex structure

A

consumption patterns, death rate, rates & patterns of migration, probabilities of marriage for men & women

50
Q

factors affecting population distribution

A

urban - rural distribution
population index
crowding index

51
Q

measures of change in population size

A
  1. natural increase = # of births - # of deaths
  2. rate of natural increase = CBR - CDR
  3. relative increase = [(Pt - P0) / P0] x 100
  4. abs increase per year (b) = [(Pt - P0) / t]
  5. annual rate of growth
52
Q 
types of population size
accdg to 
detail desired
time reference
method / assumption used
A
  1. detail desired
    a. total population vs. subgroups
    b. population by selected characteristics
  2. time reference
    a. intercensal estimates
    b. postcensal estimates
    c. projections
  3. method or assumption
    a. component
    b. mathematical (arithmetic, geometric, exponential)

PH 141 (1 decks)

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