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Motor speech > 1st exam > Flashcards

1st exam Flashcards

0
Q

Cell body

A

aka soma

  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm (watery substance)
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1
Q

nerve cell structure

A
  • cell body
  • axon
  • dendrites
  • synapse
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2
Q

axon

A
  • usually 1
  • transmit nerve impulses away from cell
  • covered in myelin
  • ends in branches with endfeet/endplates/boutons
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3
Q

dendrites

A
  • usually more than 1
  • usually short
  • transmit nerve impulses toward the cell
  • may be covered with projections called spines
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4
Q

synapse

A
  • space between the axon end terminal of one (presynaptic) cell and another (postsynaptic) cell
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5
Q

types of synaptic communication

A
  • electrical - current flows between

- chemical - neurotransmitter

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6
Q

types of synaptic communication

A
  • axodendritic- axon to dendrite
  • axosomatic- axon to cell body
  • axoaxonic- axon to axon
  • neuromuscular junction- nerve to muscle
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7
Q

Action potentials

A
  • way to speed up transmission of info over long distances.
  • regenerative (don’t have to continue stimulating, it will go the whole way)
  • very brief
  • All or Nothing
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8
Q

sequence of events in an action potential

A
  1. stimulation of neuron depolarizes membrane potential.
  2. if depolarization reaches threshold voltage -> action pot. occurs.
  3. depolarization is very brief
  4. quick return to resting state
  5. brief period when cell is unresponsive to stimulation (refractory)
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9
Q

Myelination

- purpose

A
  • increases efficiency
  • speeds conduction/traveling
  • saltatory propagation - propagates only at nodes of Ranvier
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10
Q

Neurotransmitter synthesis and storage

A
  • aka making and storing of neurotransmitters
  • different types are synthesized in different ways
  • usually synthesized in axon terminals and packaged in synaptic vesicles
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11
Q

neurotransmitter release and removal

A
  • action potential arrives at axon terminal of presynaptic cell
  • stimulates synaptic vesicle fusion with membrane of axon end terminal
  • contents of vesicle emptied into synaptic cleft
  • neurotransmitter binds with receptor proteins on post-synaptic cell, then unbinds
  • neurotransmitter removed from cleft or broken down then product removed
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12
Q

how drugs and toxins affect neurotransmission

A
  • promote release of NT
  • prevent release of NT
  • mimic action of NT
  • stimulate receptors on post-synaptic cells
  • block receptors on post-synaptic cells
  • prevent removal (reuptake) from synaptic cleft or breakdown of transmitter
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13
Q

Major neurotransmitters

A
  • acetylcholine (ACh)
  • GABA
  • Serotonin
  • glutamate
  • dopamine
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14
Q

ACh

A
  • acetylcholine
  • excitatory (makes post-synaptic cell create an action potential)
  • found at neuromuscular junction, basal ganglia, brainstem
  • degraded in synaptic cleft by acetylchonlinesterase (AChE)
  • nerve gas blocks AChE -> does not allow breakdown of ACh and muscle is continuously contracted.
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15
Q

Glutamate

A
  • Major excitatory NT
  • used by > 50% of CNS cells
  • synthesized in terminals
  • removed by transport to glial cells, then back to neuron.
  • too much (eg occlusive stroke) is toxic (excitotoxicity)
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16
Q

GABA

A
  • Major inhibitory NT
  • found throughout the CNS
  • synthesized from glutamate in the terminals
  • removal by reuptake to glia and presynaptic terminals
  • Baclofen is a GABA agonist (mimics the effects of GABA)
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17
Q

Seratonin

A
  • mainly excitatory
  • found in brainstem and limbic system
  • serotonergenic NT have wide projections to the forebrain
  • involved in regulating sleep, mood, and emotional behavior
  • removed by reuptake or degraded by MAO
  • some antidepressants prevent reuptake
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18
Q

Dopamine

A
  • excitatory
  • found in basal ganglia and other brain regions
  • involved in movement, motivation, reward, and reinforcement
  • removed by reuptake, degraded by MAO, COMT
  • reuptake blocked by cocaine
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19
Q

Post-synaptic responses

A
  • excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

- inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

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20
Q

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)

A
  • depolarizes membrane potential so it exceeds threshold

- postsynaptic cell more likely to fire an action potential

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21
Q

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

A
  • acts to keep the membrane potential more negative then threshold
  • cell is less likely to fire an action potential
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22
Q

Components of typical reflex arc

A
  • sensory receptor (afferent arm)- detects stimulus
  • interneuron - inbetween two neurons
  • motor neuron (efferent arm)- produces muscle contraction, motor response.
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23
Q

interneuron actions

A
  • receives input from afferent
  • acts on motor neuron (inhibition, excitation)
  • not present in monosynaptic reflex
24
Q

Deep Reflex

A
  • ex. tap knee -> leg kicks
  • sensor is deep to the skin
  • stretch (myotatic) reflex
25
Q

Superficial Reflex

A
  • elicited by scraping of the skin

- example - plantar reflex: scrape bottom of foot -> curl toes in.

26
Q

descending neurons ________ relexes

A

modulate

27
Q

Brainstem LMNs

A
  • somatic motor branches of cranial nerves
  • cell bodies in motor nuclei of cranial nerves
  • trigeminal nerve (V)
28
Q

LMN damage

- signs and symptoms

A
  • muscle weakness (paresis)
  • Paralysis (all input to a muscle is destroyed)
  • muscle atrophy
  • fasiculations
  • fibrilations
29
Q

What is a sign

A
  • subjective complaint
30
Q

what is a symptom

A
  • objective

- measurable

31
Q

Fasciulations

A
  • LMN damage
  • spontaneous contractions of small groups of muscle fibers
  • visible
  • may or may not be a sign of pathology
32
Q

fibrillation

A
  • LMN damage
  • individual muscle fiber contractions
  • sign of pathology
  • not visible
  • electromyography used for diagnosis
33
Q

LMN arise from …? where?

A

spinal cord or brain stem

34
Q

LMNs innervate what?

A
  • striate muscles of head and body
35
Q

UMN

- location of cell bodies

A
  • in the cerebral cortex or brainstem
36
Q

UMN act on …?

A

act on LMN system (LMN or local circuit neurons)

37
Q

Functions of brainstem UMNs

A
  • maintain balance
  • govern posture
  • orient gaze
38
Q

location of cell bodies in brainstem UMNs

A
  • in vestibular nuclei
  • reticular nuclei
  • superior colliculus
39
Q

Cortical UMNs

- cell body location

A
  • cell bodies reside in several cortical regions
40
Q

cortical UMNs

- pathway

A
  • axons descend in the corona radiata
  • then through internal capsule
  • then through cerebral peduncle to brainstem and spinal cord
41
Q

cortical UMN

- function

A
  • plan and initiate complex, voluntary movements
42
Q

UMNs from primary motor cortex

A
  • portions of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts originate here
  • cell bodies located in pyramidal cells in layer V.
43
Q

corticobulbar tract

A
  • axon exit tract in brain stem
  • synapse on appropriate cranial nerve nuclei
  • innervate ipsilateral and contralateral brainstem LMNs with 2 exceptions (VIIth lower face, only contralateral and XIIth only contralateral)
  • terminates in brainstem
44
Q

Corticospinal tract

A
  • forms medullary pyramids on ventral medulla
  • at caudal medulla, most axons (~90%) cross to the opposite side (decussate) -> form lateral corticospinal tract
  • remaining ~10% continue to cord.
  • Terminates in spinal cord.
45
Q

most corticospinal axons synapse on __________ __________ _________

A
  • local circuit neurons
46
Q

a few corticospinal axons synapse ________ onto ________ _______ ________

A

directly
alpha motor neurons
** direct synapse only for alpha motor neurons innervating muscles of hand and forearm

47
Q

Cortical UMNs

- premotor cortex

A
  • PMC, BA 6,8, & 44/45
  • PMC receives extensive input from parietal cortex (multisensory info), and prefrontal cortex (info regarding motivation and intention)
  • some corticospinal (~30%) and corticobulbar neurons originate in PMC
  • some PMC neurons project to and influence M1
  • PMC neurons involved in selection of movement
48
Q

Signs and Symptoms of UMN damage

A
  • paralysis or paresis
  • spasticity -> too much tension/tone
  • hyperreflexia
  • clonus -involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation
  • Babinski reflex- toes fan when bottom of foot stroked
49
Q

UMNs originate in the _____ and ______

A

Brainstem

Cerebral cortex

50
Q

UMNs influence the actions of _______

A

LMNs

51
Q

all cranial nerves are innervated by the ______________ tract

A

corticobulbar

52
Q

all spinal nerves are innervated by the _______________ tract

A

corticospinal tract

53
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • a collection of cell bodies inside CNS
54
Q

nuclei of the basal ganglia

A
  • corpus striatum -> caudate and putamen
  • globus pallidus -> internal segment (GPi) & external segment (GPe)
  • substantia nigra -> pars compacta (SNc) & pars reticulata (SNr)
  • subthalamic nucleus (STN)
55
Q

Basal Ganglia circuits

- input

A
  • from all cortical regions except V1, A1
  • to corpus striatum (corticostriatal pathways)
  • excitatory -> neurotransmitter: glutamate
56
Q

Basal Ganglia circuits

- output

A
  • inhibitory -> neurotransmitter: GABA
  • projects to thalamus
  • arises from substantia nigra reticula and globus pallidus
  • normal function requires balance between 2 pathways: direct and indirect.
57
Q

Basal Ganglia Circuit

- output -> direct pathway

A
  • increases cortical activation
58
Q

Basal Ganglia circuit

- output -> indirect pathway

A
  • decreases cortical activation

Motor speech (3 decks)

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