1st exam Flashcards
Which of the following help to protect the brain?
A. the blood-brain barrier
B. the bones of the skull
C. All of the answers are correct.
D. the cranial meninges
E. the CSE
C. ALL the answers are correct
Which of the following is not a recognized structural classification for neurons?
bipolar
pseudopolar
unipolar
multipolar
anaxonic
Pseudopolar
The _____ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles.
A. flexor
B. crossed extensor
C. tendon
D. stretch
B. crossed extensor
If acetylcholine (ACh) causes inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron, to what type of membrane channel did the ACh bind?
A. voltage-regulated sodium channel
B. chemically-regulated potassium channel
C. voltage-regulated calcium channel
D. mechanically-regulated channel
B. chemically-regulated potassium channel
The spinal cord consists of four regions and ______ segments.
A. twelve
B. thirty-one
C. five
D. twenty-five
B. thirty-one
Your uncle was just diagnosed with a heart attack. One of his major symptoms is left arm pain. You are not surprised because you are familiar with the phenomenon of pain.
A. psychogenic
B. neurogenic
C. somatic
D. referred
D. referred
Which of the following can contribute to receptor specificity?
A) any of the other answers
B) the structure of the receptor cell
C) accessory cells that function with the receptor
D) characteristics of the receptor cell membrane
E) accessory structures and tissues that shield the receptors from other stimuli
A) any of the other answers
Which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it wanders, that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?
XI
XII
X
VIII
IX
X
Spinal interneurons inhibit antagonist motor neurons in a process called
reciprocal inhibition.
a crossed extensor reflex.
a tendon reflex.
reverberating circuits.
a stretch reflex.
reciprocal inhibition.
Which of the following is a property of the blood-brain barrier?
A. Astrocytes surround the CNS capillaries.
B. It is absent in portions of the hypothalamus.
C. It is generally permeable to lipid-soluble compounds.
D. All of the answers are correct.
E. The capillary endothelial cells are interconnected by tight junctions.
D. All of the answers are correct.
Which statement is false regarding reflexes?
A. Reflex responses can be enhanced by repetition.
B. You have no conscious control or modification ability over reflex action.
C. Reflex responses can change over time.
D. Some reflex responses are hereditary.
B. You have no conscious control or modification ability over reflex action.
Type ____ fibers have the largest diameter axons.
- C
- S
- F
- B
- А
A
Sensory transduction can involve which of the following
A. a stimulus altering the permeability of a receptor membrane
B. inhibition of neurotransmitter release
C. change in the flow or ions across the sensory membrane
D. All of the answers are correct
D. All of the answers are correct
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates _____ cells.
A. skeletal muscle
B. smooth muscle
C. All of the answers are correct.
D. heart muscle
E. glandular
C. All of the answers are correct.
The thalamus is often called the “air traffic controller” of the brain because it
A. controls the autonomic functions of the body, such as the fight-or-flight response.
B. determines what can enter the brain from the blood.
C. passes motor information on to the cerebellum.
D. determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.
D. determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.
The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the ventral rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)
A. dermatome.
B. autonomic nerve.
C. plexus.
D. tract.
E. lateral nerve.
C. plexus.
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated
A. motor.
B. efferent
C. afferent.
D. autonomic.
C. afferent.
Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?
*
A. produces ADH
B. regulates body temperature
C. All of the answers are correct.
D. secretes oxytocin
E. controls autonomic centers
C. All of the answers are correct
Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
A. acts as a transport medium for waste products
provides buoyant support for the brain
B. provides cushioning for delicate neural tissues
C. acts as a transport medium for nutrients
D. provides ATP for impulse transmission
D. provides ATP for impulse transmission
Reflexes can be classified according to all of the following except
A. the complexity of the neural circuit.
B. the motor response.
C. where information processing occurs.
D. whether they are sensory or motor.
E. their development.
D. whether they are sensory or motor.
Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system?
A. ependymal cells
B. microglia
C. astrocytes
D. oligodendrocytes
E. satellite cells
E. satellite cells
If the permeability of a resting axon to sodium ion increases,
A. inward movement of sodium ion will increase.
B. outward movement of sodium ion will decrease.
C. the membrane potential will hyperpolarize.
D. inward movement of sodium will increase and the membrane will depolarize.
D. inward movement of sodium will increase and the membrane will depolarize.
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called
microglia.
ependymal cells.
satellite cells.
oligodendrocytes.
microglia.
The all-or-none principle states that
A. all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
B. the greater the magnitude of the stimuli, the greater the magnitude of the action potential.
C. only motor stimuli can activate action potentials
D. only sensory stimuli can activate action potentials.
E. all stimuli will produce identical action potentials.
A. all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
The ____ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
hypothalamus
Which of the following statements is true about general senses?
A. Receptors involved in general sensation consist of naked nerve endings.
B. They are located in sense organs.
C. They are all mechanoreceptors.
D. They are distributed all over the body.
D. They are distributed all over the body.
In meningitis,
A. All of the answers are correct.
B. inflammation of the meninges occurs.
C. bacteria can be the cause.
D. viruses can be the cause.
A. All of the answers are correct.
Sensations of burning or aching pain
A. are well localized.
B. are fast adapting
C. are carried by type A fibers
D. cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.
D. cause a generalized activation of the reticular formation and the thalamus.
The following are the main steps in the generation of an action potential.
- Sodium channels are inactivated.
- Voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of the cell, initiating repolarization.
- Sodium channels regain their normal properties.
- A graded depolarization brings an area of an excitable membrane to threshold.
- A temporary hyperpolarization occurs.
- Sodium channel activation occurs.
- Sodium ions enter the cell and depolarization occurs.
What is the proper sequence of these events?
A. 4, 6, 7, 3, 2, 5, 1
B. 6,7,4.1,2,3,5
C. 2,4,6,7,1,3.5
D. 4,2, 5,6.7,3,1
E. 4,6,7,1,2,3,5
E. 4,6,7,1,2,3,5
In _____ one neuron synapses on several postsynaptic neurons.
A. convergence
B. divergence
C. intercommunication
D. a pool
B. divergence
The axoplasm of the axon contains which of the following?
A. neurotubules
B. All of the answers are correct.
C. neurofibrils
D. mitochondria
B. All of the answers are correct.
Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of
Alzheimer’s disease.
Rabies
Parkinson’s disease.
tetanus
myasthenia gravis.
Parkinson’s disease.
Which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?
A. phagocytosis
B. memory
C. support
D. secretion of cerebrospinal fluid
E. maintenance of blood-brain barrier
B. memory
Which of the following statements about the action potential is false?
A. During the depolarization phase, membrane potential becomes positive.
B. Repolarization occurs as potassium ions leave the axon.
C. During the hyperpolarization phase, the ion pumps re-establish the sodium and potassium concentrations across the cell membrane.
D. The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.
E. During the repolarization phase, sodium channels close and potassium channels open,
D. The rapid depolarization phase is caused by the entry of potassium ions.
Which of these is not one of the main divisions of the adult brain?
diencephalon
midbrain
pons
prosencephalon
cerebrum
prosencephalon
Cerebrospinal fluid flows within the
arachnoid mater.
subarachnoid space.
pia mater.
flum terminale.
dura mater
subarachnoid space.
In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells participate in the repair of damaged nerves by
A. producing new axons.
B. producing more satellite cells that fuse to form new axons.
C. regenerating cell bodies for the neurons.
D. forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
E. clearing away cellular debris.
D. forming a cellular cord that directs axonal regrowth.
The term general senses refers to sensitivity to all of the following, except
Taste
Vibration
temperature
pain
touch
taste
Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?
A. direct long-term functions, such as growth
B. integrate sensory information
C. coordinate voluntary and involuntary activities
D. control peripheral effectors,
E. sense the internal and external environments
A. direct long-term functions, such as growth
Which neuron delivers sensations to the CNS?
first-order
sensory receptor
third-order
second-order
first-order
In order for a sensation to become a perception,
A. the individual must vocalize about it.
B. it must arrive over fast-conducting nerve fibers.
C. it must be received by the somatosensory cortex.
D. it must be received by the pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus.
C. it must be received by the somatosensory cortex.
Samples of CSF for diagnostic purposes are normally obtained by placing the tip of a needle in the
epidural space.
subarachnoid space.
dura mater.
arachnoid mater.
subarachnoid space.
Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the
medulla oblongata.
pons.
cerebellum.
mesencephalon.
medulla oblongata.
How would the absolute refractory period be affected if voltage-regulated sodium channels failed to inactivate?
It would be much briefer.
It would last indefinitely.
It would be basically unaffected.
It would last indefinitely.
Central adaptation refers to
A. inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway
B. a characteristic of phasic receptors
C. a change in motor receptivity of a neuron
D. the decline in activity of peripheral receptors when stimulated
E. increases in conscious perception of a sensory stimulus
A. inhibition of nuclei located along a sensory pathway
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as
dendrites.
telodendria.
collaterals.
synapses.
telodendria.
The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following?
A. maintaining the blood-brain barrier
B. guiding neuron development
C. All of the answers are correct.
D. repairing damaged neural tissue
E. adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid
C. All of the answers are correct.
_____ line the brain ventricles and spinal canal
Astrocytes
Satellite cells
Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Ependymal cells
Specialized _____ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus.
A. appended
B. astrocytes
C. ependymal
D. epididymal
E. blood
C. ependymal
Sensory transduction can involve which of the following?
A. change in the flow of ions across the sensory membrane
B. any of the other answers
C. the production of a receptor potentia
D. a stimulus altering the permeability of a receptor membrane
E. inhibition of neurotransmitter release
B. any of the other answers
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the
synapse.
telodendria.
synaptic terminals.
hillock.
collateral.
synapse.
Any stimulus that opens a
ion channel will produce a graded potential.
A. chemically gated
B. voltage-gated
C. Sodium
D. mechanically gated
E. All of the answers are correct.
E. All of the answers are correct.
The name of the fifth cranial nerve is ____
trigeminal nerve
The white matter of the spinal cord is mainly
A. neuroglia.
B. myelinated axons.
C. nodes of Ranvier.
D. Schwann cells.
E. unmyelinated axons.
B. myelinated axons.
A brain hemorrhage is life-threatening because
A. the pressure increase within the space can distort and potentially damage brain tissue.
B. the person can lose consciousness.
C. All of these problems are related to brain hemorrhages.
D. some areas of the brain will not be receiving blood.
E. neurological changes will occur.
C. All of these problems are related to brain hemorrhages.
Thalamic neurons that project to the primary sensory cortex are ____
neurons
A. third-order
B. second-order
C. first-order
D. receptor
A. third-order
Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic
A. mitochondria.
B. terminals.
C. neurosomes.
D. vesicles.
D. vesicles.
