1st crusade Flashcards
5 crusade leaders
- hugh of france
- raymond of toulouse
- bohemond of taranto
- godfrey of bouillon
- adhemar of le puy
Hugh of france
Ø Younger brother of king of France
Ø Keen to integrate with pope
Ø Not that wealthy - small inheritance
Ø First to arrive - shipwrecked
Ø Showered with gifts from alexius
Takes the oath without fuss
raymond of toulouse
Ø Very little control over south of france
Ø (st gilles)
Ø Older
Ø Probably the richest
Ø Wants to die in the holy land - religious reasons - passed province over to son
Ø Isolated by other leaders during crusade
Ø Very pious
Ø Commanded the largest army (20000) men
Ø Clashed with Norman’s at antioch
Ø Wanted to be overall lead
Ø Swears an amended oath
Ø Papal legate ache at of le puy travelled with him
Ø Only one who keeps the oath
Ø First of nobility to join
bohemond of taranto
Ø Fighting for land and wealth
Ø Stops at antioch
Ø Norman knight from southern italy
Ø Fought against byzantine recently
Ø Ambitious - keen to carve out his own territory
Ø Relatively poor - disinherited
Ø Mayer - the most ambitious and unscrupulous
Ø Most skilled general
Ø Travelled with young nephew tancred
Ø Swore oath without fuss but broke it later on
“unequal martial pedigree
godfrey of Bouillon
Ø Travel with 3 brothers - baldwin - Eustale - duke of lover lorraine
Ø Middle aged
Ø Tall, fair, well built
Ø Objected to taking oath but forced to do so
Ø Pious - raised money by mortgaging estate
Becomes lay protector jerusalem 1099
Adhemar of le puy
Ø Papal legate stand in pope
Ø Travelled with Raymond of Toulouse
Ø Provençal, but he is figure of compromise on the crusade
Ø Died of disease at antioch
Northern french contingent
Ø Stephen of blois
Ø Robert of Flandern
Ø Robert of Normandy
Ø Blois was forced to go by adele (daughter of william the conqueror)
Ø Left north France in october 1096
Ø Travels with fulcher of charters (crusade chronicles)
Ø Stephen of blois abandoned crusade at antioch.
dates of 1st crusade
1096 -1099
when + what is great schism
- 1054
- splits christianity into the roman catholic church eastern orthodox church
Alexios appeals to west for aid
march 1095
(seljuks in control of asia minor leaves byzantines vulnerable)
council of clermont
27 Nov 1095
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade to form and retake Jerusalem for Christendom.
peoples crusade
Mar 1096
The people’s army led by Peter the Hermit departs for Constantinople during the First Crusade.
21 Oct 1096
The “People’s Crusade” led by Peter the Hermit is wiped out by a Seljuk army near Nicaea.
crusade 1097
The First Crusaders capture Nicaea.
1 Jul 1097
A Crusader army wins a great victory against a Muslim army at Dorylaion.
crusade key events 1098
Mar 1098
Baldwin of Boulogne takes control of Edessa and the County of Edessa is formed, one of four Crusader-created states in the Levant.
3 Jun 1098
The First Crusaders capture Antioch after an 8-month siege.
28 Jun 1098
The Crusaders defeat a large Muslim army sent to recapture Antioch.
key events 1099
7 Jun 1099
The Crusader army arrives at the walls of Jerusalem, the objective of the First Crusade.
17 Jun 1099
A small fleet of Genoese and English ships arrives at Jaffa bringing essential supplies for siege weapons to the First Crusaders at Jerusalem.
10 Jul 1099
Siege towers are built by the First Crusaders to better attack Jerusalem.
15 Jul 1099
Jerusalem is captured during the First Crusade.
10 Aug 1099
A Muslim army is sent to recapture Jerusalem but is defeated by the Crusaders at the battle of Ascalon.
key events 1101
17 May 1101
Caesarea is captured by the Crusaders.
26 May 1101
Acre is captured by the Crusaders.
pre crusade key events (1040 - 1070)
1040 – 1055 Turks migrate from central Asia to southwest Asia, conquer Persia, and invade Armenia and Iraq, finally capturing Baghdad, the Abbasid capital city
1067 – 1070 Turks invade Byzantine territory in Asia Minor (today’s Turkey); Turkic forces take Jerusalem from the Fatimid dynasty of North Africa
pre crusade key events (1071 -91)
1071 Turkic forces defeat Byzantine forces at the Battle of Manzikert and found the Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor
1054 Schism (split) of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic centered in the Papacy in Rome, and Greek Orthodox centered in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople
1061 – 1091 Christian forces under the Normans invade and defeat Muslim ruled Sicily, but retain Muslim cultural influence under Norman rule.
1085 Antioch in northern Syria conquered by Turks; in Spain, the Muslim city of Toledo is captured by Christian forces under Alfonso VI
Alexios’s request + peoples crusade key events (1095-96)
March 1095 Byzantine Empire requests Pope Urban II’s help against Turkic warrior tribes who have migrated into Asia Minor
November 27, 1095 Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade
1096 Fatimids retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks
Spring,
Summer 1096 Crusaders massacre Jews in Europe
Spring 1096 People’s Crusade leaves for Holy Land but most end the march near Hungary by August 1096
timeline 1096-97
August 15, 1096 Official beginning of First Crusade set by Pope Urban II
October 6, 1096 Crusader armies under Peter and Walter destroyed at Nicaea by Kilij
Fall 1096 Crusaders of official First Crusade reach Constantinople; Alexius I Comnenus accepts their oaths of loyalty and pledges to return lands under Byzantine control
April 1097 Crusaders cross the Bosporus into Asia
Early June 1097 Crusaders arrive at Nicaea while Kilij Arslan is away fighting his opponent Danishmend
June 19, 1097 Nicaea surrenders to Byzantine forces
June 26–28, 1097 Crusaders invade Asia Minor
July 1, 1097 Turks under Kilij Arslan fail to defeat Crusaders at Dorlyaeum
October 21, 1097 Crusaders reach Antioch, ruled by Turkic leader Yaghi-Suyan
timeline (1098)
Early February 1098
Muslim relief force under the Turkish leadership moves toward Antioch
February 6, 1098
Baldwin reaches Edessa (al-Ruha in Arabic)
March 9, 1098 Edessa’s ruler is killed in a riot
March 10, 1098 Edessa established as the first Latin settlement in the East under Crusade leader Baldwin after its Turkic leader flees
June 5, 1098 Muslim army relief force arrives and besieges Crusaders in Antioch
Mid-November 1098 Armies of Raymond of St. Gilles and Robert of Flanders arrive at Ma’arat en Nu’man, spurred on by ordinary soldiers
December 11-2, 1098 Ma’arat en Nu’man falls to the Crusaders
timeline (1099)
January/March 1099 Crusader armies force their leader Raymond to continue to Jerusalem
February/May 1099 Crusaders besiege ‘Arqah but abandon siege and go on to Jerusalem
June 6, 1099 Crusader leader Tancred seizes Bethlehem
June 7, 1099 Main body of Crusaders arrives at Jerusalem
July 15, 1099 Crusaders seize and sack the city of Jerusalem and massacre Muslims, Eastern Christians, and Jews; Godfrey elected ruler of the city
July 19–22, 1099 Pope Urban II dies, never hearing news of capture of Jerusalem
August 11–12, 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptian army at Ashdod
1099 Al-Harawi of Damascus leads group of refugees to Baghdad to plead for help (see poem)
religious motivations
- theory of just war
- recapture jerusalem
- indulgence
- increasing piety
- effective preaching
development of chivalric attitudes
- focus on winning wars
- need to behave courageously in battle
- development of personal strength
changed to:
- knighthood exclusively aristocratic position
- codes of behaviour
- sense of loyalty to house + commitment to overlord
- development of skills
