1st crusade

Question 1

5 crusade leaders

Answer 1

• hugh of france
• raymond of toulouse
• bohemond of taranto
• godfrey of bouillon
• adhemar of le puy

Question 2

Hugh of france

Answer 2

Ø Younger brother of king of France
Ø Keen to integrate with pope
Ø Not that wealthy - small inheritance
Ø First to arrive - shipwrecked
Ø Showered with gifts from alexius
Takes the oath without fuss

Question 3

raymond of toulouse

Answer 3

Ø Very little control over south of france
Ø (st gilles)
Ø Older
Ø Probably the richest
Ø Wants to die in the holy land - religious reasons - passed province over to son
Ø Isolated by other leaders during crusade
Ø Very pious
Ø Commanded the largest army (20000) men
Ø Clashed with Norman’s at antioch
Ø Wanted to be overall lead
Ø Swears an amended oath
Ø Papal legate ache at of le puy travelled with him
Ø Only one who keeps the oath
Ø First of nobility to join

Question 4

bohemond of taranto

Answer 4

Ø Fighting for land and wealth
Ø Stops at antioch
Ø Norman knight from southern italy
Ø Fought against byzantine recently
Ø Ambitious - keen to carve out his own territory
Ø Relatively poor - disinherited
Ø Mayer - the most ambitious and unscrupulous
Ø Most skilled general
Ø Travelled with young nephew tancred
Ø Swore oath without fuss but broke it later on
“unequal martial pedigree

Question 5

godfrey of Bouillon

Answer 5

Ø Travel with 3 brothers - baldwin - Eustale - duke of lover lorraine
Ø Middle aged
Ø Tall, fair, well built
Ø Objected to taking oath but forced to do so
Ø Pious - raised money by mortgaging estate
Becomes lay protector jerusalem 1099

Question 6

Adhemar of le puy

Answer 6

Ø Papal legate stand in pope
Ø Travelled with Raymond of Toulouse
Ø Provençal, but he is figure of compromise on the crusade
Ø Died of disease at antioch

Question 7

Northern french contingent

Answer 7

Ø Stephen of blois
Ø Robert of Flandern
Ø Robert of Normandy
Ø Blois was forced to go by adele (daughter of william the conqueror)
Ø Left north France in october 1096
Ø Travels with fulcher of charters (crusade chronicles)
Ø Stephen of blois abandoned crusade at antioch.

Question 8

dates of 1st crusade

Answer 8

1096 -1099

Question 9

when + what is great schism

Answer 9

• 1054
• splits christianity into the roman catholic church eastern orthodox church

Question 10

Alexios appeals to west for aid

Answer 10

march 1095
(seljuks in control of asia minor leaves byzantines vulnerable)

Question 11

council of clermont

Answer 11

27 Nov 1095
At the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade to form and retake Jerusalem for Christendom.

Question 12

peoples crusade

Answer 12

Mar 1096
The people’s army led by Peter the Hermit departs for Constantinople during the First Crusade.

21 Oct 1096
The “People’s Crusade” led by Peter the Hermit is wiped out by a Seljuk army near Nicaea.

Question 13

crusade 1097

Answer 13

The First Crusaders capture Nicaea.

1 Jul 1097
A Crusader army wins a great victory against a Muslim army at Dorylaion.

Question 14

crusade key events 1098

Answer 14

Mar 1098
Baldwin of Boulogne takes control of Edessa and the County of Edessa is formed, one of four Crusader-created states in the Levant.

3 Jun 1098
The First Crusaders capture Antioch after an 8-month siege.

28 Jun 1098
The Crusaders defeat a large Muslim army sent to recapture Antioch.

Question 15

key events 1099

Answer 15

7 Jun 1099
The Crusader army arrives at the walls of Jerusalem, the objective of the First Crusade.

17 Jun 1099
A small fleet of Genoese and English ships arrives at Jaffa bringing essential supplies for siege weapons to the First Crusaders at Jerusalem.

10 Jul 1099
Siege towers are built by the First Crusaders to better attack Jerusalem.

15 Jul 1099
Jerusalem is captured during the First Crusade.

10 Aug 1099
A Muslim army is sent to recapture Jerusalem but is defeated by the Crusaders at the battle of Ascalon.

Question 16

key events 1101

Answer 16

17 May 1101
Caesarea is captured by the Crusaders.

26 May 1101
Acre is captured by the Crusaders.

Question 17

pre crusade key events (1040 - 1070)

Answer 17

1040 – 1055 Turks migrate from central Asia to southwest Asia, conquer Persia, and invade Armenia and Iraq, finally capturing Baghdad, the Abbasid capital city

1067 – 1070 Turks invade Byzantine territory in Asia Minor (today’s Turkey); Turkic forces take Jerusalem from the Fatimid dynasty of North Africa

Question 18

pre crusade key events (1071 -91)

Answer 18

1071 Turkic forces defeat Byzantine forces at the Battle of Manzikert and found the Sultanate of Rum in Asia Minor

1054 Schism (split) of the Christian Church into the Roman Catholic centered in the Papacy in Rome, and Greek Orthodox centered in the Byzantine capital of Constantinople

1061 – 1091 Christian forces under the Normans invade and defeat Muslim ruled Sicily, but retain Muslim cultural influence under Norman rule.

1085 Antioch in northern Syria conquered by Turks; in Spain, the Muslim city of Toledo is captured by Christian forces under Alfonso VI

Question 19

Alexios’s request + peoples crusade key events (1095-96)

Answer 19

March 1095 Byzantine Empire requests Pope Urban II’s help against Turkic warrior tribes who have migrated into Asia Minor

November 27, 1095 Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade

1096 Fatimids retake Jerusalem from Seljuk Turks
Spring,

Summer 1096 Crusaders massacre Jews in Europe

Spring 1096 People’s Crusade leaves for Holy Land but most end the march near Hungary by August 1096

Question 20

timeline 1096-97

Answer 20

August 15, 1096 Official beginning of First Crusade set by Pope Urban II

October 6, 1096 Crusader armies under Peter and Walter destroyed at Nicaea by Kilij

Fall 1096 Crusaders of official First Crusade reach Constantinople; Alexius I Comnenus accepts their oaths of loyalty and pledges to return lands under Byzantine control

April 1097 Crusaders cross the Bosporus into Asia

Early June 1097 Crusaders arrive at Nicaea while Kilij Arslan is away fighting his opponent Danishmend

June 19, 1097 Nicaea surrenders to Byzantine forces

June 26–28, 1097 Crusaders invade Asia Minor

July 1, 1097 Turks under Kilij Arslan fail to defeat Crusaders at Dorlyaeum

October 21, 1097 Crusaders reach Antioch, ruled by Turkic leader Yaghi-Suyan

Question 21

timeline (1098)

Answer 21

Early February 1098
Muslim relief force under the Turkish leadership moves toward Antioch

February 6, 1098
Baldwin reaches Edessa (al-Ruha in Arabic)

March 9, 1098 Edessa’s ruler is killed in a riot

March 10, 1098 Edessa established as the first Latin settlement in the East under Crusade leader Baldwin after its Turkic leader flees

June 5, 1098 Muslim army relief force arrives and besieges Crusaders in Antioch

Mid-November 1098 Armies of Raymond of St. Gilles and Robert of Flanders arrive at Ma’arat en Nu’man, spurred on by ordinary soldiers

December 11-2, 1098 Ma’arat en Nu’man falls to the Crusaders

Question 22

timeline (1099)

Answer 22

January/March 1099 Crusader armies force their leader Raymond to continue to Jerusalem

February/May 1099 Crusaders besiege ‘Arqah but abandon siege and go on to Jerusalem

June 6, 1099 Crusader leader Tancred seizes Bethlehem

June 7, 1099 Main body of Crusaders arrives at Jerusalem

July 15, 1099 Crusaders seize and sack the city of Jerusalem and massacre Muslims, Eastern Christians, and Jews; Godfrey elected ruler of the city

July 19–22, 1099 Pope Urban II dies, never hearing news of capture of Jerusalem

August 11–12, 1099 Crusaders defeat Egyptian army at Ashdod

1099 Al-Harawi of Damascus leads group of refugees to Baghdad to plead for help (see poem)

Question 23

religious motivations

Answer 23

• theory of just war
• recapture jerusalem
• indulgence
• increasing piety
• effective preaching

Question 24

development of chivalric attitudes

Answer 24

• focus on winning wars
• need to behave courageously in battle
• development of personal strength

changed to:

• knighthood exclusively aristocratic position
• codes of behaviour
• sense of loyalty to house + commitment to overlord
• development of skills

Question 25

why did knights crusade

Answer 25

• urban pushed the idea it was a pilgrimage
• core message: fighting barbarians in Holy land rather than brothers at home
• enthusiasm of lord encouraged knights tied to him
• east had rich and fertile lands
• opportunity to gain land
• indulgence: sins washed away + religious fervour