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1st Flashcards

1
Q

ABSCESS

A

Localized collections of pus caused by suppuration buried in a tissue, an organ, or a confined space.

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2
Q

HYDROTHORAX

A

Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the pleural cavity

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3
Q

HYPERCHROMASIA

A

An increase in chromatin in cell nuclei, causing increased staining of nuclei with hematoxylin.

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4
Q

HYPERPLASIA

A

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in an organ that stems from increased
proliferation, either of differentiated cells or, in some instances, less differentiated progenitor cells.

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5
Q

HYPERTROPHY

A

Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells resulting in an increase in the size of the organ.

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6
Q

INFARCTION, anemic

A

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue

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7
Q

INFARCTION, hemorrhagic

A

Area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply to the affected tissue and consequential bleeding (dual or collateral blood supply, venous occlusion, reestablished flow after infarction).

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8
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute

fibrinous

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with fibrin-rich exudate (due to large
vascular leaks or local procoagulant stimulus)

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9
Q

INFLAMMATION, (acute hemorrhagic)

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage with capillary endothelial destruction and consequent bleeding.

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10
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute

purulent

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage characterized by the production of pus
(exudate of neutrophils, liquefied debris of necrotic cells and edema fluid).

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11
Q

INFLAMMATION, acute

serous

A

Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage marked by exudation of cell-poor fluid.

*effusion of non-viscous serous fluid

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12
Q

INFLAMMATION (chronic-active)

A

Pattern of chronic mucosal inflammation mixed with acute inflammation of the glands.

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13
Q

INFLAMMATION, chronic

non-specific

A

Prolonged host response (weeks or months) to persistent stimuli that may follow unresolved acute inflammation or be chronic from the onset (cells: lymphocytes, plasma cells).

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14
Q

INFLAMMATION (chronic granulomatous)

A

Form of chronic inflammation characterized by collections of activated macrophages, often with T lymphocytes and sometimes associated with central necrosis (granuloma formation).

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15
Q

INVASION

A

Invasion refers to the direct extension and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring tissues

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16
Q

INVOLUTION

A

Reduction of volume of an organ or tissue (similarly to atrophy) due to physiological processes
(e.g. thymus)

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17
Q

KARYOLYSIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: fading.

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18
Q

KARYORRHEXIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: fragmentation.

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19
Q

KOILOCYTE

A

HPV infected squamous epithelial cell characterized by nuclear irregularity, hyperchromasia and perinuclear halo.

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20
Q

LITHIASIS

A

Formation of calculi (stones).

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21
Q

LYMPHOMA

A

Malignant tumor of the lymphoid tissue.

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22
Q

MASTITIS

A

Inflammation of the breast

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23
Q

MELANOMA

A

Malignant tumor of melanocytes

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24
Q

METAPLASIA

A

Change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell
type

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25
Q

METASTASIS

A

Spread of a tumor to sites that are physically discontinuous with the primary tumor and
unequivocally marks a tumor as malignant.

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26
Q

NECROSIS

A

Form of cell death in which cellular membranes fall apart, and cellular enzymes leak out and
ultimately digest the cell.

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27
Q

NEOPLASM

A

Tissue growth due to abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation.

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28
Q

ONCOGENE

A

“a gene that has the potential to cause cancer”

Genes that induce a transformed phenotype when expressed in cells by promoting increased cell growth.

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29
Q

ORCHITIS

A

Inflammation of the testis.

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30
Q

PAPILLOMA

A

Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic
fingerlike fronds.

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31
Q

PETECHIAE

A

Minute (1 to 2 mm in diameter) hemorrhages into skin, mucous membranes or serosal surfaces.

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32
Q

PHLEBITIS

A

Inflammation of a vein.

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33
Q

PHLEBOTHROMBOSIS

A

Venous thrombosis.

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34
Q

PHLEGMON

A

Diffuse form of acute purulent inflammation, spreading through tissue spaces over a large area
without definite limits.

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35
Q

PLEOMORPHISM

POLYMORHISM

A

Variation of size and shape of cells, usually characteristic for malignant neoplasms

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36
Q

PNEUMONIA

A

Inflammation of the lung.

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37
Q

PNEUMOTHORAX

A

Air in the thoracic cavity

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38
Q

POLYP

A

growth that projects above a mucosal surface.

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39
Q

PROCTITIS

A

Inflammation of the rectum

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40
Q

PSEUDOCYST

A

Liquefied areas of necrotic tissue become walled off by fibrous tissue to form a cystic space,
lacking an epithelial lining.

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41
Q

PSEUDOMEMBRANE

A

Adherent layer of inflammatory cells and debris at sites of mucosal injury.

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42
Q

PUSTULE

A

Discrete, pus-filled, raised lesion

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43
Q

PYKNOSIS

A

Form of nuclear destruction: shrinkage

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44
Q

PYOTHORAX

A

Pus in the thoracic cavity.

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45
Q

RECURRENCE

A

Neoplasm growing at the same place of previously treated primary tumor.

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46
Q

REGENERATION

A

Replacement of damaged tissue components and essentially return to a normal state

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47
Q

RELAPSE

A

Return of a disease after its apparent cessation.

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48
Q

REMISSION

A

Partial or complete disappearance of a chronic or a malignant disease.

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49
Q

REPAIR

A

Regeneration by proliferation of residual (uninjured) cells and maturation of tissue stem cells, and the deposition of connective tissue to form a scar

50
Q

RESOLUTION

A

Restoration of the site of acute inflammation to normal.

51
Q

SALPINGO-OOPHORITIS

A

Inflammation of the adnex (ovary and tube)

52
Q

SARCOMA

A

Malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin.

53
Q

SHOCK

A

A state in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume, impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia.

54
Q

STASIS

A

Stagnation of fluid due to obstruction and congestion.

55
Q

HEPATIC STEATOSIS

A

Fatty degeneration of the liver.

56
Q

STENOSIS

A

Narrowing of a lumen.

57
Q

SUPPURATION

A

Formation of pus.

58
Q

TERATOMA

A

Germ cell neoplasia that contains ecto- endo and mesodermal tissues

59
Q

THROMBUS

A

The formation or presence of a blood clot in a blood vessel.

60
Q

TRANSUDATE

A

Extravascular fluid with low protein content, little or no cellular material, and low specific gravity (protein content: <2.5g/l).

61
Q

TUMOR SUPRESSOR GENE

A

Genes that regulates a cell during cell division and replication. When mutated/lost from a cell, allow the transformed phenotype to develop

62
Q

ULCER

A

Local excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is produced by the sloughing out of inflamed necrotic tissue.

63
Q

ADENOCARCINOMA

A

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium.

64
Q

ADENOMA

A

Benign tumor of glandular epithelium.

65
Q

ADHESION

A

Adhesions are fibrous bands of scar tissue that form between internal organs and tissues, joining them together abnormally.

66
Q

AGENESIS

A

Complete absence of an organ or is anlage.

67
Q

AMYLOIDOSIS

A

Disorder characterized by the extracellular deposits of proteins that are prone to aggregate and form insoluble fibrils.

68
Q

ANAPLASIA

A

Dedifferentiation, or loss of structural and functional differentiation of malignant tumors.

69
Q

ANEURYSM

A

Congenital or acquired dilations of blood vessels or the heart.

70
Q

Aplasia

A

Incomplete development of an organ or its anlage

71
Q

APOPTOSIS

A

Pathway of cell death in which cells activate enzymes that degrade the cells’ own nuclear DNA and nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins.

72
Q

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

A

Hardening of the arteries, arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity

73
Q

ARTERITIS

A

Arterial wall inflammation.

74
Q

ASCITES

A

Extravascular fluid collection (effusion) in the peritoneal cavity.

75
Q

ATELECTASIS

A

Loss of lung volume caused by inadequate expansion of air spaces.

76
Q

ATHEROSCLEROSIS

A

Characterized by intimal lesions called atheromas (or atheromatous or atherosclerotic plaques)
that impinge on the vascular lumen and can rupture to cause sudden occlusion.

*is is a disease in which the inside of an artery narrows due to the buildup of atheromatous plaque

77
Q

ATRESIA

A

Absence of an opening, usually of a hollow visceral organ or duct.

78
Q

ATROPHY

A

Shrinkage in the size of cells by the loss of cell substance.

79
Q

ATYPIA

A

Structural abnormality in a cell due to reactive or neoplastic processes

80
Q

AUTOLYSIS

A

Enzymatic digestion of cells (especially dead or degenerate) by enzymes present within them
(autogenous).

81
Q

BALANITIS

A

Local inflammation of the glans penis.

82
Q

BIOPSY

A

Process involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.

83
Q

CARCINOGENESIS

A

Multistep process resulting from the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations that collectively give rise to the transformed phenotype causing malignant neoplasms.

84
Q

CARCINOID

A

Malignant tumors composed of cells that contain dense-core neurosecretory granules in there cytoplasm, may secrete hormonally active polypeptides. Applied only in lung tumor classification of neuroendocrine tumors.

85
Q

CARCINOMA

A

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells.

86
Q

CARCINOMA, in situ

A

Severe dysplastic changes which involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.

87
Q

CARCINOMA, microinvasive

A

Superficially invasive epithelial neoplasm, invasion detected only microscopically.

88
Q

COARCTATION

A

Congenital narrowing or constriction of the aorta

89
Q

CONDYLOMA

A

HPV associated warty lesion of the genital squamous epithelium.

90
Q

CONGESTION

A

Passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue, causing increased blood volume within the tissue.

91
Q

CYST

A

An abnormal closed epithelium-lined cavity in the body, containing liquid or semisolid material.

92
Q

FISTULA

A

A abnormal passageway between two organs in the body or between an organ and the exterior of the body.

93
Q

GRADE

A

Level of malignancy based on the cytological differentiation of tumor cells and the number of mitoses within the tumor

  • grading is a measure of the cell appearance in tumors by the differentiation level of the cells.
94
Q

GRANULATION TISSUE

A

new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process

95
Q

GRANULOMA

A

Aggregates of activated macrophages (Histocytes), gaint cells with scattered lymphocytes.

96
Q

HAMARTOMA

A

A mass of disorganized tissue native to the particular site

97
Q

HEMATOMA

A

Hemorrhage accumulating within a tissue.

98
Q

HEMOPERICARDIUM

A

Hemorrhage within the pericardial cavity.

99
Q

HEMOTHORAX

A

Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.

100
Q

HERNIATION

A

Abnormal protrusion of an organ or other body structure through a defect or natural opening in a covering membrane, muscle, or bone.

101
Q

HETEROTOPIA

A

Or choristoma refers to microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal
locations.

102
Q

DEGENERATION

A

Gradual deterioration of specific tissues, cells, or organs with corresponding impairment or loss of function.

103
Q

DERMATITIS

A

Inflammation of the skin.

104
Q

DESMOPLASIA

A

Tumor induced stromal reaction characterized by collagen rich connective tissue. (causing dense fibrosis around the tumor)

105
Q

DIVERTICULUM

A

Acquired pseudodiverticular outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa.

106
Q

DYSPLASIA

A

Disorderly proliferation of the epithelium recognized by a loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation.

107
Q

DYSTROPHY

A

Abnormal development or growth of a tissue or organ, usually resulting from nutritional deficiency.

108
Q

ECTASIA

A

Any local dilation of a structure.

109
Q

ECTOPIA

A

An abnormal location or position of an organ or a body part, can be congenital or as the result of injury.

110
Q

EDEMA

A

Accumulation of interstitial fluid within tissues.

111
Q

EMBOLUS

A

Detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant site, where it often causes tissue dysfunction or infarction.

112
Q

EMPHYSEMA

A

Permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls without significant fibrosis.

113
Q

EMPYEMA

A

is a collection of pus within a naturally existing anatomical cavity.

“pleural exudate caused by microbial invasion through either direct extension of a pulmonary infection or bloodborne seeding”

114
Q

ENDOCARDITIS

A

Inflammation of the endocardium, which may be infective or non-infective of origin.

115
Q

ENDOPHYTIC

A

Tending to grow inward into tissues in fingerlike projections from a superficial site of origin — used for tumors

116
Q

EPITHELIOID CELL

A

Activated macrophages, which may develop abundant cytoplasm and begin to resemble epithelial cells

117
Q

EROSION

A

The superficial destruction of a surface by friction, pressure, ulceration, or trauma.

118
Q

EXOPHYTIC

A

A neoplasm or lesion that grows outward from an epithelial surface.

119
Q

EXUDATE

A

Protein-rich fluid accumulation

120
Q

FIBROSIS

A

Excessive deposition of collagen and other ECM components in a tissue.

121
Q

HYALINE

A

A clear, eosinophilic, homogeneous substance (protein) occurring in cellular degeneration.

Pa (1 decks)

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