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9th Grade Biology > 1st 9 Weeks Exam > Flashcards

1st 9 Weeks Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is Ecology?

A

the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments

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2
Q

What is the Biosphere?

A

a portion of the Earth that supports life. It extends from high in the atmosphere to the bottom of the ocean

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3
Q

What are the different levels of organization?

A

species, populations, community, ecosystem, and biome

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4
Q

What are species?

A

a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring

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5
Q

What are populations?

A

groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

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6
Q

What is a community?

A

a collection of interacting populations NO population of organisms lives independently of other species

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7
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

interactions among populations in a community and the physical surroundings

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8
Q

What is a biome?

A

group of ecosystems with the same climate

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9
Q

What is sunlight?

A

the main source of energy on Earth

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10
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

organisms that use energy from the sun or stored energy in chemical cpds to make their food

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11
Q

What are plants?

A

they are a common autotroph and they harness solar energy through photosynthesis

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12
Q

What is Chemosynthesis?

A

making food with chemical energy instead of light. Ex: Chemosynthetic bacteria

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13
Q

What are Heterotrophs?

A

organisms that depend on autotrophs as their source of nutrients and energy and can not make its own food

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14
Q

What are Herbivores?

A

consumers that feed on plants only. Ex: Cows, rabbits, grasshoppers, and rodents

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15
Q

What are Carnivores?

A

animals that kill and eat ONLY other animals

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16
Q

What are Scavengers?

A

animals that feed on carrion. Ex: Black vultures

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17
Q

Is it true that Carnivores and Scavengers are Heterotrophs?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

A

possible pathways of biological, geological, and chemical aspects of the biosphere. Ex: Water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and phosphorus cycle

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19
Q

What happens during the water cycle?

A
  1. Surface H2O evaporates (changes from a liquid to a gas)
  2. It then rises to the air where it condenses (change from gas to liquid)
  3. Percipitates back to the ground
  4. H2O will move over land as runoff or soak into the ground (seepage)
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20
Q

How does the water cycle begin?

A

plants absorbing water into its roots

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21
Q

How do plants release H2O?

A

through transpiration

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22
Q

How do animals take in H20?

A

they either drink it or get it through food

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23
Q

How do animals release the H20 into the atmosphere?

A

through respiration or excretion

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24
Q

After death, how do the organisms release the H20?

A

through decomposition

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25
Q

Where is carbon found?

A

in the environment (atmosphere & water) as CO2

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26
Q

Is it true that producers use CO2 in photosynthesis?

A

Yes

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27
Q

How do organisms like animals get carbon?

A

by consuming producers

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28
Q

How does CO2 return to the atmosphere?

A

it returns as a gas via respiration and decay

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29
Q

Is it true that the burning of fossil fuels also returns CO2?

A

Yes

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30
Q

How much does Atmospheric Nitrogen(N) make up of air?

A

78%. This form of N cannot be used by living things

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31
Q

What type of nitrates do plants absorb?

A

they absorb nitrates made by bacteria and lighting (nitrogen fixation)

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32
Q

Is it true that plants convert N into proteins?

A

Yes

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33
Q

Do herbivores consume plants to make animal proteins?

A

Yes

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34
Q

When do organisms return N into the atmosphere?

A

when they die and decay (denitrification)

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35
Q

Where is Phosphorus mostly found?

A

in soil and rock minerals and in ocean sediments

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36
Q

When is phosphate released?

A

when rocks are withered

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37
Q

Why are phosphates dissolved into water ecosystems?

A

to be used by aquatic organisms

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38
Q

On land, what are phosphates cycled between?

A

soil and terrestrial organisms

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39
Q

What are omnivores?

A

they eat both plants AND animals. Ex: Humans, raccoons, coyotes, and bears

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40
Q

What are detritivores?

A

they feed on small particles of plant and animal remains known as detritus. Ex: Snails, earthworms, and crabs

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41
Q

What are decomposers?

A

organisms that break down AND absorb nutrients from dead organisms. Ex: Fungus and bacteria

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42
Q

What are feeding relationships?

A

energy that flows through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun to autotrophs (producers) and then to heterotrophs (consumers)

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43
Q

What are food chains?

A

a series of steps in which organisms transfer matter and enerygy

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44
Q

What do Trophic Levels represent?

A

links in a food chain

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45
Q

What are the different trophic levels?

A

producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and quaternary consumers

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46
Q

What are ecological pyramids?

A

a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy of matter within a trophic level. Only about 10% of the energy transferred to organisms at next trophic level

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47
Q

What are the biomass pyramids?

A

illustrates total amount of living organic matter with each level

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48
Q

What do the pyramids of numbers show?

A

shows relative number of individuals at each level

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49
Q

What is climate?

A

refers to the average conditions of the atmosphere over time

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50
Q

What is weather?

A

the day to day conditipns of Earth’s atmosphere at a particular place and time

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51
Q

What is the Greenhouse Effect?

A

the natural situation in which heat is retained by the gasses surrounding the Earth

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52
Q

What are the gasses that form a blanket around our planet?

A

primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor

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53
Q

What would happen without the Greenhouse Effect?

A

the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live

54
Q

What would happen if the Greenhouse Effect gets too strong?

A

it could make the Earth warmer than usual

55
Q

What are Polar Zones?

A

cold areas where the sun’s rays strike the Earth at a very low version

56
Q

What are Temperate Zones?

A

areas in which are greatly affected by the tilt of Earth during the year. The temperatures range from hot to cold

57
Q

What are Tropical Zones?

A

areas near the equator which receive DIRECT sunlight year around

58
Q

What does unequal heating of Earth’s surface create?

A

winds and ocean currents and affects climate

59
Q

What is a niche?

A

the role a species plays in a community. Ex: Food, space, and other conditions needed for survival and reproduction

60
Q

What is competition?

A

when organisms attempt to use the same resources at the same time

61
Q

What is predation?

A

one organism captures and feeds on another organims

62
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

a relationship in which two species live closely together

63
Q

What are the different community interactions?

A

competition, predation, and symbiosis

64
Q

What is commensalism?

A

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted. Ex: Shark and remora

65
Q

What is mutualism?

A

a relationship in which both species benefit. Ex: Coral and fish

66
Q

What is parasitism?

A

a relationship in which one organism benefits at the expense of the other. The host is usually killed. Ex: Fleas and leeches

67
Q

What is Population Density?

A

number of individuals per unit area

68
Q

What is Population Growth?

A

the change in size of population with time

69
Q

What is Immigration?

A

movement of individuals INTO a population

70
Q

What is Emigration?

A

movement of individuals OUT of a population

71
Q

When does Exponential Growth occur?

A

occurs when the number of organisms increases by an ever increasing rate (causes a population explosion)

72
Q

When does Logistical Growth occur?

A

occurs when a population’s growth slows or stops following an exponential growth

73
Q

What is Carrying Capacity?

A

number of organisms a particular environment can support (K)

74
Q

What limits growth?

A

limiting factors, competition, and predation

75
Q

What is a Limiting Factor?

A

factors that cause population growth to decrease (Ex: food and space)

76
Q

What is Competition?

A

as a population size increases, competition for food, water, and territory can be fierce (population decrease)

77
Q

What does predation do to a population size?

A

affects population size

78
Q

What are Density-Dependent Factors?

A

parasitism and disease, crowding and stress

79
Q

What does Parasitism and Disease do?

A

weaken and takes the nutrients away (causing death)

80
Q

What do Crowding and Stress do?

A

overcrowding causes stress which can result in aggression, decrease in parental care, decrease fertility, and resistance to disease

81
Q

What are Density-Independent Factors?

A

natural disasters, changing seasons, and human activity can limit population growth regardless of population size

82
Q

What are the different patterns of population growth?

A

demography, demographic transition, and population growth rate

83
Q

What is Demography?

A

the study of population growth characteristics (Ex: growth rate, age structure, and geographic distribution)

84
Q

What is Demographic Transition?

A

a dramatic change in birth and death rates

85
Q

What is Population Growth Rate?

A

difference between birth rate and death rate

86
Q

What does Age Structure refer to?

A

it refers to populations that are either in their pre-reproductive years, their reproductive years, or their pro reproductive years

87
Q

What is Subsistence Hunting?

A

only to acquire basic necessities for survival; makes few demands on the environment

88
Q

What is the Green Revolution?

A

the introduction of intensive farming practices that lead to increase in crop yield

89
Q

What is Monoculture?

A

farming strategy where large fields are planted with a single crop, year after year

90
Q

What is a Renewable Resource?

A

can regenerate quickly and therefore replaceable (it is not necessarily unlimited)

91
Q

What are examples of Renewable Resources?

A

water, grass, trees, air, ocean resources, land, fish, and oxygen

92
Q

What are Nonrenewable Resources?

A

resources that cannot be replenished by natural processes

93
Q

What are examples of Nonrenewable resources?

A

fossil fuels, coal, oil, and natural gas

94
Q

What is a Sustainable Use?

A

using natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them

95
Q

What is Smog?

A

a gray-brown mixture of chemicals that occurs as haze in the atmosphere

96
Q

What is Smog made of?

A

Fog+Smoke=Smog

97
Q

What is Pollutant?

A

harmful material that can enter the biosphere through the land, air, or water

98
Q

What is Deforestation?

A

destruction of a forest

99
Q

What is Desertification?

A

productive land turning into a desert due to farming, over-grazing by animals and drought

100
Q

What is Biodiversity?

A

the sum total of the variety of organisms in the biosphere

101
Q

Why is Biodiversity one of Earth’s greatest natural resources?

A

it benefits humans through its contributes to medicine and agriculture and through the provision of ecological goods and services

102
Q

What reduces Biodiversity?

A

human activity such as altering habitat, over-hunting , and pollution

103
Q

What is Extinction?

A

the disappearance of a species from all parts of its geographical range

104
Q

What is an Endangered Species?

A

population size is rapidly declining and will become extinct if the trend continues

105
Q

What is Habitat Fragmentation?

A

splitting of ecosystems into small fragments

106
Q

What is an Invasive Species?

A

plants and animals that have migrated to places where they are not native

107
Q

What is Conservation

A

wise management of natural resources

108
Q

What is an Ozone Layer?

A

band of ozone, a gas made up of 3 oxygen atoms, that surrounds our planet

109
Q

When does ozone depletion occur?

A

can occur through CFC’s

110
Q

What is Global Warming?

A

increase in the average temperature on Earth

111
Q

How old is the Earth is estimated to be?

A

4.6 billion years old

112
Q

What did the original atmosphere consist of?

A

nitrogen, methane, ammonia, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor

113
Q

How many years ago was the first living organism documented?

A

3.8 billion years ago

114
Q

How is the first organism described?

A

anaerobic (no oxygen), heterotrophic (did not make its own food); bacteria (prokaryotes)

115
Q

How many years ago was oxygen documented and how was it released?

A

2.8 billion years ago. It was released into the atmosphere through photosynthesis.

116
Q

Could eukaryotes have been formed from prokaryotes living symbiotically?

A

Yes

117
Q

How many years ago did the multicellular organisms arrive?

A

545 million years ago

118
Q

By what time was the atmosphere rich in oxygen?

A

545 million years ago

119
Q

What is the Evolution and how can it be caused?

A

the gradual change that takes place in a species over time. It can be caused by mutation, migration, isolation, and environmental changes

120
Q

What characteristics did Darwin notice in the animals and plants while he was in Galapagos?

A

the characteristics varied among the different islands of the Galapagos

121
Q

What did Darwin theorize?

A

that species change over time

122
Q

What can natural selection on single-gene traits lead to?

A

the changes in allele frequencies and thus to evolution

123
Q

What five conditions are required to maintain genetic equilibrium? (for genes to stay the same) no evolution

A
  1. Random mating
  2. Very large population
  3. No immigration or emigration
  4. No mutations
  5. No natural selection
124
Q

What is speciation?

A

formation of a new species

125
Q

What happens when a new species evolves?

A

populations become reproductively isolated (they can’t produce even if they live close together)

126
Q

The speciation in the Galapagos finches is occurred by

A
  1. Founding of new population
  2. Geographic isolation
  3. Changes in a new population
  4. Reproductive isolation
  5. Ecological competition
127
Q

What is an artificial selection?

A

nature provides variation among different organisms, and humans select the traits that they find useful. Ex: Breeding dogs to get certain traits in the offspring

128
Q

What is a natural selection?

A

changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase the species fitness in its environment

129
Q

What was Darwin’s evidence that all living things have been evolving on Earth for millions of years?

A
  1. Fossil record
  2. Geographic distribution
  3. Homologous structures of living organisms
  4. Similarities in fetal development
  5. Vestigial organs
130
Q

What did Darwin believe?

A

that living things have been evolving on Earth for millions of years

131
Q

What are vestigial organs?

A

organs that serve no apparent purpose. Ex: Appendix and gallbladder

9th Grade Biology (1 decks)

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