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[MT 6322] Mycology & Virology Laboratory > [1S] UNIT 1.1 Glossary of Terms > Flashcards

[1S] UNIT 1.1 Glossary of Terms Flashcards

1
Q

hyphae that grows above or outward from the surface of an agar medium or substrate; the visible colony

A

aerial hyphae

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2
Q

a gelatinous substance used as a culture medium to grow microorganisms

A

agar

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3
Q

a polysaccharide from seaweed extract (Genera Gelidium and Gracilaria) that consists of alternating B-D-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-L-galactose units of agarobiose.

A

agarose

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4
Q

T or F. In agarose, concentration ranges from 0.5%-2%.

A

T

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5
Q

T or F. In agarose, the lower its concentration the smaller the pore size.

A

F. The HIGHER its concentration the smaller the pore size.

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6
Q

It is used popularly as a medium for electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments.

A

agarose

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7
Q

asexual (impertect) state or form of a fungus.

A

anamorph

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8
Q

this a step in PCR when the temperature is lowered to allow DNA primers to attach to a given DNA template.

A

annealing

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9
Q

What is the range of temperature for annealing?

A

50-56°C

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10
Q

a fungus that preferentially grows on human rather than animals or the soil.

A

anthropophilic

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11
Q

A dermatophyte where human/people is the primary reservoir.

A

anthropophilic

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12
Q

a conidium released by fragmentation or by separation that occurs at the septum of cells of hypha.

A

arthroconidium

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13
Q

fruiting body within which asci form

A

ascocarp

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14
Q

saclike cells where ascospores develop

A

ascus

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15
Q

hypha without crosswalls

A

aseptate

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16
Q

antimicrobial that can kill a microorganism

A

bactericidal

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17
Q

an arrangement observed ni Aspergilus spp. where a secondary phialide develops from a primary phialide, forming two series of phialides.

A

biseriate

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17
Q

a virus that infects bacterial cells

A

bacteriophage

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18
Q

a-nutrient-rich medium used ot isolate fastidious fungi

A

brain heart infusion

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18
Q

is a concentration of an antimicrobial that defines if the particular microbial species is susceptible or resistant ot the antimicrobial. It si commonly expressed in ug/ml

A

breakpoint

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18
Q

conidia formed by budding process along a hypha, pseuodhypha, or in a single cell, as seen in yeasts.

A

blastoconidia

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19
Q

a liquid medium containing nutrients used to grow microorganisms

A

broth

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20
Q

in between the hypha is termed as

A

intercalary

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21
Q

swollen, thick-walled resistant spore that do not reproduce

A

chlamydospore

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21
Q

on the sides of hypha is termed as

A

sessiles

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21
Q

end of the hypha is termed as

A

terminal

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22
Q

club-shaped

A

clavate

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22
Q

a remnant of a cell wall present at the tip of a phialide, or around a sporangiophore

A

collarette

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23
Q

hyphal structures without septa

A

coenocytic

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24
Q

growth of an organism in a host without causing infection or tissue invasion

A

colonization

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25
Q

T or F. In confluent, there should be individual colonies growing on the surface.

A

F. There should be NONE.

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25
Q

the distinct characteristics of a microbial colony that are visibly observed on the surface of a nutrient medium

A

colony morphology

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25
Q

a sterile dome-like structure at the tip of a sporangiophore or within a sporangium.

A

columella (pl. columellae)

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25
Q

pertains to a type of growth on the agar surface wherein it is continuous, uniform, and the colonies are not discrete or separated; there should be no individual colonies growing on the surface.

A

confluent

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26
Q

a serologic procedure used to determine complement fixing antibody to fungal antigens.

A

complement fixation

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27
Q

a reproductive propagule produced in the absence of nuclear recombination, thus representing anamorphic or asexual reproduction.

A

conidium (pl. conidia)

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28
Q

a method of propagating microorganisms by supporting their growth using culture media and controlled environmental conditions

A

cultivation

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28
Q

the cell that gives rise to a conidium.

A

conidiogenous cell

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29
Q

a specialized hypha that gives rise to or bears a conidium.

A

conidiophore

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30
Q

distinct visible visual changes in the infected cells caused by a viral toxin or infection

A

cytopathic effect

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31
Q

an infection of cutaneous tissue (hair, skin, and nails) caused by the keratinophilic fungi other than those of the dermatophytes

A

dermatomycosis

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32
Q

a fungi that invades the keratinized part of hair, nail, and skin.

A

dermatophyte

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33
Q

a fungus having brown or black melanotic pigment in the cell wall.

A

dematiaceous

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34
Q

this initial stage in PCR allows separation of the double-stranded DNA into two single strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds that exists between the nucleotide base pairs (bp).

A

denaturation

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34
Q

What is the range of temperature for denaturation?

A

94-95°C.

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35
Q

fungi having two morphologic forms under different growth conditions

A

dimorphic

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36
Q

elimination or reduction of microorganisms that may cause disease

A

disinfection

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36
Q

also known sa molecular-weight size markers.

A

DNA Ladder

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37
Q

this is a set of predetermined DNA fragment sizes from where unknown bands are compared to identify the approximate size and concentration of a DNA fragment after running gel electrophoresis.

A

DNA Ladder

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38
Q

they represent the essential building blocks of nucleic acid molecules that are necessary components of PCR mixes during amplification.

A

dNTPs - aka Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)

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39
Q

Four known types of dNTP are recognized, each with a unique DNA base

A

adenine (dATP), cytosine (dCTP), guanine (dGTP), and thymine (dTTP)

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40
Q

a disease which occurs in a limited geographic area.

A

endemic

41
Q

chemically 3,8-Diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium, is a non-radioactive but carcinogenic DNA stain.

A

ethidium bromide (EtBr)

41
Q

Distinct red-orange fluorescence under UV light suggests the radioactive presence of ds-DNA.

A

ethidium bromide (EtBr)

42
Q

synonymous with cottony or wooly. Type of texture formed by large quantities of aerial hyphae usually arranged in a tangled manner.

A

floccose

42
Q

this is a step in PCR when the temperature is increased and the new DNA strand is formed through the action of Taq polymerase.

A

extension

42
Q

a property wherein a particle is able to pass through a membrane filter that will prevent the transmission of bacteria

A

filterable

42
Q

Usually the temperature for extension

A

72°C

42
Q

agent causing the infection or disease

A

etiologic agent

43
Q

It occurs at the 5’ end of the PCR product. Primarily, it anneals to the antisense strand or negative strand of the double-stranded DNA, which runs from 3’ ot 5’ direction.

A

forward primer

44
Q

aka 5’ primers, these are PCR primers that are complementary to the anti-sense strand of ds-DNA and therefore responsible for its amplification

A

forward primer

45
Q

Antisense strand or the coding strand serves as the template strand for the synthesis of mRNA.

A

forward primer

46
Q

The most common agent of fungemia is

A

Candida albicans

46
Q

is the presence of fungi in the blood.

A

fungemia

47
Q

capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi

A

fungicidal

48
Q

refers to the range of different inherited traits within a species

A

genetic diversity

49
Q

Soil-seeking, earth-loving.
A dermatophyte having soil as its primary reservoir.

A

geophilic

50
Q

an elongated or tube-like structure that emerges from a spore, with no constriction at the point of origin.

A

germ tube

51
Q

The presence of _________ _________ can be used to presumptively identify the presence of Candida albicans.

A

germ tubes

51
Q

a member of the human Herpesviridae family that can cause oral and genital infections

A

Human Simplex Virus (HSV)

52
Q

biological agents that can potentially cause harm to humans and animals when exposed

A

hazards

52
Q

adherence of red blood cells on a virally infected cell culture

A

hemadsorption

52
Q

a mechanical filter that is capable of trapping and removing particles and microorganisms from the air

A

HEPA filter / high efficiency particulate air

53
Q

microscopic structures are clear or colorless

A

hyaline

54
Q

A vegetative filament of a fungus.

A

hypha (pl. hyphae)

55
Q

A serologic test based on precipitation reaction to determine the presence of antibody to fungal antigen by double diffusion technique in gel medium.

A

immunodiffusion

56
Q

refers to a person’s complete set of chromosomes

A

karyotype

57
Q

A simple serologic procedure wherein the antibody formed following a fungal disease is detected through the clumping of antigen coated particles.

A

latex agglutination

58
Q

are commercially available or laboratory prepared solutions used to standardize the approximate amount of bacteria or fungi in a liquid suspension.

A

Mcfarland standard

58
Q

T or F. For McFarland standard, the standardization is done by either visual or spectrophotometic comparison of the turbidity of the bacterial or fungal suspension.

A

T

59
Q

T or F. For McFarland standard, If the turbidity is the same, the suspension is said to be standardized.

A

T

60
Q

a commonly used McFarland standard in clinical microbiology is the

A

0.5 McFarland standard

turbidity corresponds approximately 1.5 x 10^8 cfu/mL

61
Q

this is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that inhibits the visible growth of a bacteria or fungi. It is usually expressed in ug/mL

A

minimum inhibitory concentration

62
Q

a.k.a. candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by a yeast, Candida albicans

A

moniliasis

62
Q

same definition as hyaline

A

moniliaceous

63
Q

fungal colonies composed of hyphae

A

mould or mold

64
Q

like a wall; multicellular, with both transverse and longitudinal septations.

A

muriform

65
Q

colony with hyphae that do not produce conidia or spores

A

mycelia sterilia

66
Q

the mass of hyphae making up a fungus colony

A

mycelium

67
Q
A
67
Q

pertaining to fungi

A

mycotic

67
Q

a clear zone of lysis due to successive infection of host cells by a virus

A

plaque

67
Q

is defined as the presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that happen among different individuals or populations

A

polymorphisms

67
Q
A
68
Q
A
68
Q

set of media inoculated from the specimen

A

primary culture

68
Q

Most common type of polymorphism

A

SNP or single nucleotide polymorphism

69
Q

a general purpose basal medium made from potato infusion and dextrose used to isolate yeasts and molds

A

potato dextrose agar

70
Q

referring to the surface

A

obverse

71
Q

place where the fungus is found in nature

A

reservoir

71
Q

the microbe is able to grow in the presence of a particular antimicrobial

A

resistant

72
Q

aka 3’ primers, these primers are complementary to the sense or the (+) strand of the ds-DNA and therefore responsible for its amplification

A

reverse primer

73
Q

The sense strand is complementary to the template strand and therefore, it is known as the anticoding strand

A

reverse primer

74
Q

It occurs at the 3’ end of the PCR product. Primarily, it anneals to the sense strand or positive strand of the double-stranded DNA, which runs from 5’ ot ‘3 direction.

A

reverse primer

75
Q

a culture medium primarily used for fungal cultivation and isolation of dermatophytes

A

saboraud dextrose agar

75
Q

rootlike structures that anchors the fungus to the substrate and also utilized in the absorption of nutrients

A

rhizoids

76
Q

an organism which requires organic material as a source of energy

A

saprobe

77
Q

the ability to detect all patients with a specific disease

A

sensitivity

78
Q

having cross walls or partitions

A

septate

79
Q

a reproductive propagule produced internally by “free cell” formation, as in the ascomycete, i.e., complete spores formed all at once around the nuclei available or by “progressive cleavage,” as in a sporangium

A

spores

80
Q

material on which the fungus is growing

A

substrate

80
Q

destruction of all life forms, including the bacterial spores

A

sterilization

80
Q

a horizontal hypha from which hyphae, rhizoids or sporangiophore develop

A

stolon

80
Q

What is the half life of Taq polymerase?

A

40 minutes at 95 °C.

81
Q

the microbe is unable to grow in the presence of a particular antimicrobial

A

susceptible / sensitive

81
Q

thermostable DNA polymerase used during PCR amplification. It can withstand high temperature without being denatured. It is extremely heat resistant.

A

Taq polymerase

82
Q

a type of asexual reproduction commonly found in yeasts. An oval shaped “push out” or outgrowth from aparent cell

A

bud

83
Q

Taq polymerase is derived from a heat-tolerant bacterium, called

A

Thermus aquaticus

84
Q

equipment used ot visualize target DNAs and proteins by emitting high levels of ultraviolet rays through the viewing surface

A

UV transilluminator

84
Q

used to preserve the integrity of the specimen from the time of collection up to the laboratory processing

A

transport medium

85
Q

a human herpes virus that can cause the highly contagious chickenpox

A

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)

86
Q

a circular area surrounding the antibiotic disk showing no visible growth of the inoculum

A

zone of inhibition

86
Q

capable of inactivating or destroy viruses

A

virucidal

87
Q

predominantly a unicellular fungus, usualy round or ovoid, that reproduces by budding

A

yeast

87
Q

colorless dye that binds to chitin and cellulose of fungi that fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light

A

calcofluor white

87
Q

a culture medium that is useful for yeast identification made from peptone and yeast extract

A

yeast fermentation broth

88
Q

proteinaceous coat that protects the viral genome

A

capsid

89
Q

these are enlarged, thick-walled round conidia. These conidia can be present at the end of the hypha (terminal), on the sides (sessile) or in between the hypha (intercalary)

A

chlamydoconidia / chlamydospores

89
Q

a hyaline mucopolysaccharide covering the cell body of certain yeasts (eg.Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula) and some spores and conidia

A

capsule

[MT 6322] Mycology & Virology Laboratory (10 decks)

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