[1S] UNIT 1.1 Glossary of Terms Flashcards
hyphae that grows above or outward from the surface of an agar medium or substrate; the visible colony
aerial hyphae
a gelatinous substance used as a culture medium to grow microorganisms
agar
a polysaccharide from seaweed extract (Genera Gelidium and Gracilaria) that consists of alternating B-D-galactose and 3, 6-anhydro-L-galactose units of agarobiose.
agarose
T or F. In agarose, concentration ranges from 0.5%-2%.
T
T or F. In agarose, the lower its concentration the smaller the pore size.
F. The HIGHER its concentration the smaller the pore size.
It is used popularly as a medium for electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments.
agarose
asexual (impertect) state or form of a fungus.
anamorph
this a step in PCR when the temperature is lowered to allow DNA primers to attach to a given DNA template.
annealing
What is the range of temperature for annealing?
50-56°C
a fungus that preferentially grows on human rather than animals or the soil.
anthropophilic
A dermatophyte where human/people is the primary reservoir.
anthropophilic
a conidium released by fragmentation or by separation that occurs at the septum of cells of hypha.
arthroconidium
fruiting body within which asci form
ascocarp
saclike cells where ascospores develop
ascus
hypha without crosswalls
aseptate
antimicrobial that can kill a microorganism
bactericidal
an arrangement observed ni Aspergilus spp. where a secondary phialide develops from a primary phialide, forming two series of phialides.
biseriate
a virus that infects bacterial cells
bacteriophage
a-nutrient-rich medium used ot isolate fastidious fungi
brain heart infusion
is a concentration of an antimicrobial that defines if the particular microbial species is susceptible or resistant ot the antimicrobial. It si commonly expressed in ug/ml
breakpoint
conidia formed by budding process along a hypha, pseuodhypha, or in a single cell, as seen in yeasts.
blastoconidia
a liquid medium containing nutrients used to grow microorganisms
broth
in between the hypha is termed as
intercalary
swollen, thick-walled resistant spore that do not reproduce
chlamydospore
on the sides of hypha is termed as
sessiles
end of the hypha is termed as
terminal
club-shaped
clavate
a remnant of a cell wall present at the tip of a phialide, or around a sporangiophore
collarette
hyphal structures without septa
coenocytic
growth of an organism in a host without causing infection or tissue invasion
colonization
T or F. In confluent, there should be individual colonies growing on the surface.
F. There should be NONE.
the distinct characteristics of a microbial colony that are visibly observed on the surface of a nutrient medium
colony morphology
a sterile dome-like structure at the tip of a sporangiophore or within a sporangium.
columella (pl. columellae)
pertains to a type of growth on the agar surface wherein it is continuous, uniform, and the colonies are not discrete or separated; there should be no individual colonies growing on the surface.
confluent
a serologic procedure used to determine complement fixing antibody to fungal antigens.
complement fixation
a reproductive propagule produced in the absence of nuclear recombination, thus representing anamorphic or asexual reproduction.
conidium (pl. conidia)
a method of propagating microorganisms by supporting their growth using culture media and controlled environmental conditions
cultivation
the cell that gives rise to a conidium.
conidiogenous cell
a specialized hypha that gives rise to or bears a conidium.
conidiophore
distinct visible visual changes in the infected cells caused by a viral toxin or infection
cytopathic effect
an infection of cutaneous tissue (hair, skin, and nails) caused by the keratinophilic fungi other than those of the dermatophytes
dermatomycosis
a fungi that invades the keratinized part of hair, nail, and skin.
dermatophyte
a fungus having brown or black melanotic pigment in the cell wall.
dematiaceous
this initial stage in PCR allows separation of the double-stranded DNA into two single strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds that exists between the nucleotide base pairs (bp).
denaturation
What is the range of temperature for denaturation?
94-95°C.
fungi having two morphologic forms under different growth conditions
dimorphic
elimination or reduction of microorganisms that may cause disease
disinfection
also known sa molecular-weight size markers.
DNA Ladder
this is a set of predetermined DNA fragment sizes from where unknown bands are compared to identify the approximate size and concentration of a DNA fragment after running gel electrophoresis.
DNA Ladder
they represent the essential building blocks of nucleic acid molecules that are necessary components of PCR mixes during amplification.
dNTPs - aka Deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs)
Four known types of dNTP are recognized, each with a unique DNA base
adenine (dATP), cytosine (dCTP), guanine (dGTP), and thymine (dTTP)
a disease which occurs in a limited geographic area.
endemic
chemically 3,8-Diamino-5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridinium, is a non-radioactive but carcinogenic DNA stain.
ethidium bromide (EtBr)
Distinct red-orange fluorescence under UV light suggests the radioactive presence of ds-DNA.
ethidium bromide (EtBr)
synonymous with cottony or wooly. Type of texture formed by large quantities of aerial hyphae usually arranged in a tangled manner.
floccose
this is a step in PCR when the temperature is increased and the new DNA strand is formed through the action of Taq polymerase.
extension
a property wherein a particle is able to pass through a membrane filter that will prevent the transmission of bacteria
filterable
Usually the temperature for extension
72°C
agent causing the infection or disease
etiologic agent
It occurs at the 5’ end of the PCR product. Primarily, it anneals to the antisense strand or negative strand of the double-stranded DNA, which runs from 3’ ot 5’ direction.
forward primer
aka 5’ primers, these are PCR primers that are complementary to the anti-sense strand of ds-DNA and therefore responsible for its amplification
forward primer
Antisense strand or the coding strand serves as the template strand for the synthesis of mRNA.
forward primer
The most common agent of fungemia is
Candida albicans
is the presence of fungi in the blood.
fungemia
capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi
fungicidal
refers to the range of different inherited traits within a species
genetic diversity
Soil-seeking, earth-loving.
A dermatophyte having soil as its primary reservoir.
geophilic
an elongated or tube-like structure that emerges from a spore, with no constriction at the point of origin.
germ tube
The presence of _________ _________ can be used to presumptively identify the presence of Candida albicans.
germ tubes
a member of the human Herpesviridae family that can cause oral and genital infections
Human Simplex Virus (HSV)
biological agents that can potentially cause harm to humans and animals when exposed
hazards
adherence of red blood cells on a virally infected cell culture
hemadsorption
a mechanical filter that is capable of trapping and removing particles and microorganisms from the air
HEPA filter / high efficiency particulate air
microscopic structures are clear or colorless
hyaline
A vegetative filament of a fungus.
hypha (pl. hyphae)
A serologic test based on precipitation reaction to determine the presence of antibody to fungal antigen by double diffusion technique in gel medium.
immunodiffusion
refers to a person’s complete set of chromosomes
karyotype
A simple serologic procedure wherein the antibody formed following a fungal disease is detected through the clumping of antigen coated particles.
latex agglutination
are commercially available or laboratory prepared solutions used to standardize the approximate amount of bacteria or fungi in a liquid suspension.
Mcfarland standard
T or F. For McFarland standard, the standardization is done by either visual or spectrophotometic comparison of the turbidity of the bacterial or fungal suspension.
T
T or F. For McFarland standard, If the turbidity is the same, the suspension is said to be standardized.
T
a commonly used McFarland standard in clinical microbiology is the
0.5 McFarland standard
turbidity corresponds approximately 1.5 x 10^8 cfu/mL
this is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that inhibits the visible growth of a bacteria or fungi. It is usually expressed in ug/mL
minimum inhibitory concentration
a.k.a. candidiasis, a fungal infection caused by a yeast, Candida albicans
moniliasis
same definition as hyaline
moniliaceous
fungal colonies composed of hyphae
mould or mold
like a wall; multicellular, with both transverse and longitudinal septations.
muriform
colony with hyphae that do not produce conidia or spores
mycelia sterilia
the mass of hyphae making up a fungus colony
mycelium
pertaining to fungi
mycotic
a clear zone of lysis due to successive infection of host cells by a virus
plaque
is defined as the presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that happen among different individuals or populations
polymorphisms
set of media inoculated from the specimen
primary culture
Most common type of polymorphism
SNP or single nucleotide polymorphism
a general purpose basal medium made from potato infusion and dextrose used to isolate yeasts and molds
potato dextrose agar
referring to the surface
obverse
place where the fungus is found in nature
reservoir
the microbe is able to grow in the presence of a particular antimicrobial
resistant
aka 3’ primers, these primers are complementary to the sense or the (+) strand of the ds-DNA and therefore responsible for its amplification
reverse primer
The sense strand is complementary to the template strand and therefore, it is known as the anticoding strand
reverse primer
It occurs at the 3’ end of the PCR product. Primarily, it anneals to the sense strand or positive strand of the double-stranded DNA, which runs from 5’ ot ‘3 direction.
reverse primer
a culture medium primarily used for fungal cultivation and isolation of dermatophytes
saboraud dextrose agar
rootlike structures that anchors the fungus to the substrate and also utilized in the absorption of nutrients
rhizoids
an organism which requires organic material as a source of energy
saprobe
the ability to detect all patients with a specific disease
sensitivity
having cross walls or partitions
septate
a reproductive propagule produced internally by “free cell” formation, as in the ascomycete, i.e., complete spores formed all at once around the nuclei available or by “progressive cleavage,” as in a sporangium
spores
material on which the fungus is growing
substrate
destruction of all life forms, including the bacterial spores
sterilization
a horizontal hypha from which hyphae, rhizoids or sporangiophore develop
stolon
What is the half life of Taq polymerase?
40 minutes at 95 °C.
the microbe is unable to grow in the presence of a particular antimicrobial
susceptible / sensitive
thermostable DNA polymerase used during PCR amplification. It can withstand high temperature without being denatured. It is extremely heat resistant.
Taq polymerase
a type of asexual reproduction commonly found in yeasts. An oval shaped “push out” or outgrowth from aparent cell
bud
Taq polymerase is derived from a heat-tolerant bacterium, called
Thermus aquaticus
equipment used ot visualize target DNAs and proteins by emitting high levels of ultraviolet rays through the viewing surface
UV transilluminator
used to preserve the integrity of the specimen from the time of collection up to the laboratory processing
transport medium
a human herpes virus that can cause the highly contagious chickenpox
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
a circular area surrounding the antibiotic disk showing no visible growth of the inoculum
zone of inhibition
capable of inactivating or destroy viruses
virucidal
predominantly a unicellular fungus, usualy round or ovoid, that reproduces by budding
yeast
colorless dye that binds to chitin and cellulose of fungi that fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light
calcofluor white
a culture medium that is useful for yeast identification made from peptone and yeast extract
yeast fermentation broth
proteinaceous coat that protects the viral genome
capsid
these are enlarged, thick-walled round conidia. These conidia can be present at the end of the hypha (terminal), on the sides (sessile) or in between the hypha (intercalary)
chlamydoconidia / chlamydospores
a hyaline mucopolysaccharide covering the cell body of certain yeasts (eg.Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula) and some spores and conidia
capsule
