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1JO2 > 1JO2 Unit 6 Final Exam > Flashcards

1JO2 Unit 6 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of ions and molecules across a semipermeable membrane, from area of high to low concentration

Example: Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and lung blood vessels

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2
Q

What is a concentration gradient?

A

The difference between two concentrations

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3
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of molecules across a concentration gradient, using chemical energy

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4
Q

Give an example of active transport.

A

Sodium-potassium pump keeps intracellular K+ high and blood levels of K+ low

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5
Q

What is filtration?

A

Uses hydrostatic pressure gradient and results in 2-4L of fluid per day entering the interstitial fluid from intravascular space

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6
Q

What role does filtration play in the body?

A

Important in urine production

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of Extracellular fluid?

A

Interstitial, Intravascular and Transcellular

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8
Q

What percentage of total body fluids is made up by intracellular fluid?

A

60%

Intracellular fluid accounts for approximately 28 liters.

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9
Q

How much does extracellular fluid make up in total body fluids?

A

14L

Extracellular fluid is divided into three types.

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10
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid between cells in the tissue

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11
Q

What does intravascular fluid consist of?

A

Blood and plasma

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12
Q

What is transcellular fluid?

A

Fluid separated by epithelium, e.g., cerebrospinal fluid, bile

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13
Q

How does osmosis occur?

A

Water moves from an area of low concentration to a higher concentration

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14
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure required to move water from a low concentration to a high concentration

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15
Q

What regulates fluid intake?

A

Fluid intake is regulated by the thirst mechanism.

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16
Q

Where is the thirst control center located?

A

The thirst control center is located in the hypothalamus.

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17
Q

What stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

A

Osmoreceptors are stimulated when serum osmolality increases or blood volume decreases.

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18
Q

Which hormones are involved in fluid intake regulation?

A

The hormones involved are ADH (antidiuretic hormone) and aldosterone.

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19
Q

What are the four organs involved in fluid output regulation?

A

The kidneys, the skin, the lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract

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20
Q

What is the amount of obligatory water loss per day?

A

500 mL per day

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21
Q

What is sensible water loss?

A

Urine and feces

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22
Q

What is insensible water loss?

A

Water loss through the skin and respiratory system

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23
Q

What types of water loss are measurable?

A

Sensible water loss

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24
Q

What types of water loss are not measurable?

A

Insensible water loss

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25
What is the average adult daily fluid intake?
2200ml - 2700ml (This is for food and oral fluid combined)
26
What is the average adult daily fluid output?
2200ml-2700ml.
27
28
What are some ways that we can lose fluid?
Through our skin , Lungs, GI tract and urine
29
What are volume imbalances?
Disturbances in the amount of Extracellular Fluid (interstitial, intravascular, transcellular) ## Footnote ECF stands for extracellular fluid, which includes fluid outside of cells.
30
What is fluid volume deficit?
A decrease in body fluid volume ## Footnote Common causes include dehydration, vomiting, decreased oral intake, extreme heat, and diarrhea.
31
What are some causes of fluid volume deficit?
Dehydration Vomiting Decreased oral intake Extreme heat Diarrhea ## Footnote These factors lead to a loss of fluids in the body.
32
What is fluid volume excess?
A condition characterized by an increase in body fluid volume ## Footnote This can be caused by heart failure, kidney disease, and IV therapy.
33
What are some causes of fluid volume excess?
Heart failure Kidney disease IV therapy (a Nurse gave to much saline to a patient) ## Footnote These conditions can lead to an accumulation of fluids in the body.
34
What demographic groups are at higher risk for dehydration?
Infants, children, older adults ## Footnote These groups often have different physiological responses and needs.
35
What environmental factor increases the risk of dehydration?
Exposure to extreme heat ## Footnote Extreme heat can lead to increased fluid loss.
36
What effect does decreased protein intake have on the body?
Alters osmotic pressure and results in fluid shifts to interstitial spaces ## Footnote This can lead to conditions like edema.
37
Name a type of medication that can affect fluid balance.
Diuretics ## Footnote Diuretics promote the excretion of water and electrolytes.
38
What do diuretics do?
They cause us to pee more which results in a loss of water and electrolytes
39
What medication class can lead to increased bowel movement frequency?
Laxatives ## Footnote Laxatives are often used to treat constipation.
40
What are examples of acute illnesses that can affect fluid balance?
Burns, GI disturbances, trauma or blood loss, head injury, recent surgery ## Footnote Acute illnesses are typically sudden in onset and can be severe.
41
How does cardiovascular disease affect kidney function?
Decreased perfusion to kidneys results in decreased urine output and therefor can cause fluid retention. Which would result in an excess fluid imbalance. ## Footnote This can lead to complications such as fluid overload.
42
What is a potential consequence of decreased urine output due to cardiovascular disease?
Fluid retention ## Footnote Fluid retention can lead to complications such as edema or hypertension.
43
What are some GI disorders that can cause fluid imbalances?
IBD, liver failure, vomiting, diarrhea
44
How does cardiovascular disease cause decreased urine output?
Because there is a decrease in perfusion to the kidneys, therefor making it so that the kidneys can not keep up anymore and can't make enough urine which will cause fluid retention and decreased urine output.
45
What are some signs any symptoms that someone is experiencing dehydration?
Darker urine color, dizziness, weakness, lack of tears, dry mouth/lips, excess thirst , low BP
46
What are some symptoms that someone is experiencing fluid overload?
High BP, Edema, light urine color, presence of crackles upon auscultation.
47
What is measured in I&O?
The fluids that enter the body (intake) and those that leave the body (output)
48
What should be the relationship between intake and output?
They should be approximately equal. What goes in must come out.
49
What is considered oral intake by mouth?
Some oral semi solids, which are liquid at room temp. Eg: Jell-O, pudding, yogurt, ice cream, soup
50
What is enteral intake?
Nutritional formula via tube, medications, flushes
51
What is parenteral intake?
IV fluids, TPN ((Total Parenteral Nutrition) refers to a method of providing complete nutrition intravenously, bypassing the digestive system, when a patient cannot or should not eat or absorb nutrients through the gut.)
52
What should be considered and measured as output?
Urine, diarrhea, vomit, drainage tubes, gastric suction.
53
What should not be considered when measuring output?
Any blood that was drawn, tears, sweat
54
What does the fluid balance chart indicate?
It includes all intake and output over a 24hr period. Then based off of this it indicates if the patient is in fluid excess or deficit.
55
What is the formula for fluid balance?
Intake - Output = Fluid Balance
56
If the fluid balance is positive what is the patient at risk for?
Fluid excess
57
If fluid balance is negative what is the patient at risk for?
Fluid deficit
58
What is the function of the Kidneys?
To remove waste from the blood and form urine
59
What is the function of the ureters?
They transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
60
What is the function of the bladder?
To store urine until the urge to urinate.
61
What is the function of the Urethra?
It transports urine from the bladder to the outside world... is shorter in females.
62
How do we know when we need to pee?
The sensory nerves from the bladder carry signals to the brainstem when the bladder is full.
63
When do we feel the urge to void at first? When it is strong?
We start to feel the need to void when the bladder is about 250-300ml full and then we have a strong urge to void when it is at capacity of 500ml.
64
What are some factors that can affect urination?
Anxiety, stress, culture, caffeine & alcohol intake, Diagnostic examinations (ultrasounds), anesthesia, renal disease, neurological disease and diuretics.
65
What is the urinary tract considered?
It is sterile, and the procedure Catheterization is a sterile technique.
66
What is urinary retention?
it is an accumulation of urine caused by the inability of the bladder to empty.
67
What is Urinary Diversion?
It is a diversion of urine to an external source. (urostomy). peeing in a portable bag
68
When do children get full control over peeing?
4-5yrs old
69
How much urine is normal for an adult to produce daily?
1500ml - 1600ml
70
What is the hourly output for infants that is concerning?
Less then 30ml /hr for more then 2 hrs continuously
71
What can a significant change in urine volume indicate?
Kidney disease
72
What can urinalysis test for?
Protein, glucose, ketones, WBC, bacteria amounts.
73
What is midstream testing?
It is when the person pee's a bit then in the middle of that the rest of the urine goes in the cup.
74
When are catheters inserted?
urological surgery, monitoring urine output in critical care, prolonged immobilization due to trauma, end of life care, sacral pressure injury.
75
What is a bladder scanner used for?
it is used to asses whether the bladder is full to determine if there is any post-void residue.
76

1JO2 (5 decks)

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