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PHARMA FINALS > 1F RESPIRATORY > Flashcards

1F RESPIRATORY Flashcards

1
Q

Insert the medication canister into the plastic holder.

If a spacer is used, insert the MDI into the end of the spacer.

Shake the inhaler vigorously five or six times before using. Remove the cap from the mouthpiece.

Have the patient breathe in through the mouth and exhale.

With the inhaler properly positioned, have the patient hold the inhaler with the thumb at the mouthpiece and the index finger and middle finger at the top

Instruct the patient to take a slow, deep breath through the mouth and during inspiration, to push the top of the medication canister once.

Have patient hold the breath for 10 seconds and then exhale slowly through pursed lips

If a second dose is required, wait 1 to 2 minutes, and repeat the procedure by first shaking the canister in the plastic holder with the cap on.

When it is first used or if it has not been used recently, test the inhaler by spraying it into the air before administering the metered dose.

If a glucocorticoid inhalant is to be used with a bronchodilator, wait 5 minutes before using an inhaler that contains a steroid

Teach patients to self-monitor their pulse rate.

Caution against overuse because side effects and tolerance may result.

Teach patient to monitor the amount of medication remaining in the can-ister. Advise patient to ask a health care provider or pharmacist to estimate when a new inhaler will be needed based on the dosing schedule.

Teach patient to rinse their mouth after using an MDI. This is especially important when using a steroid drug. Rinsing the mouth helps prevent irritation and secondary infection to oral mucosa.

Avoid Smoking

Teach patient to do daily cleaning of equipment; this should include (1) washing the hands; (2) taking apart all the washable parts of the equipment and washing them with warm water; (3) rinsing: (4) placing the parts on a clean towel and covering them with another clean towel to air dry; and (5) storing the parts in a clean plastic bag once completely dry.
Alternate two sets of washable equipment to make this process easier.

A

Correct use of a Metered-Dose Inhaler

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2
Q

H1 Blockers of H1 Antagonists

A

Antihistamines

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3
Q

competes with histamine for receptor sites and prevent histamine response

A

Antihistamines

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4
Q

Act by blocking H1 receptors

Decreases nasopharyngeal secretions by blocking H1 receptor

A

Antihistamines

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5
Q

when stimulated, extravascular smooth muscles constrict

A

H1

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6
Q

when stimulated, gastric secretions occur

A

H2

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7
Q

Cold

Allergic rhinitis

Urticaria

Not used for anaphylaxis

A

Indications for Antihistamines

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8
Q

T/F: Most antihistamines are rapidly absorbed in 15 minutes, but they are not potent enough to combat anaphylaxis

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Mostly can cause drowsiness, dry mouth, decreased secretions and other anticholinergic symptoms

contained in many OTC cold remedies

A

1st Generation Antihistamines

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10
Q

Drowsiness

Dizziness

Fatigue

Disturbed coordination

Skin rashes

Anticholinergic symptoms

A

Side Effects of Antihistamines

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11
Q

Most prevalent type of upper respiratory infection

A

Common Cold

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12
Q

Caused by rhinovirus

A

Common Cold

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13
Q

Acute inflammation of the mucus membrane of the nose

A

Acute Rhinitis

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14
Q

Hay Fever; Caused by pollen or a foreign substance such as animal dander

A

Allergic Rhinitis

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15
Q

blocks the effects of histamine by competing for and occupying H1 receptor sites

A

Diphenhydramine

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16
Q

Primarily used to treat rhinitis

A

Diphenhydramine

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17
Q

closed angle glaucoma

urinary retention

peptic ulcer

small bowel obstruction

A

Contraindications of Diphenhydramine

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18
Q

can cause central nervous system depression if taken with alcohol, narcotics, hypnotics, or barbiturates

A

Diphenhydramine

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19
Q

Advise patients to avoid alcohol and other CNS depressants

A

Nursing Interventions of Diphenhydramine

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20
Q

Have fewer anticholinergic effects and a lower incidence of drowsiness

A

2nd Generation Antihistamines

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21
Q

Nonsedating Antihistamines

A

2nd Generation Antihistamines

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22
Q

Results from dilation of the nasal blood vessels caused by infection, inflammation, or allergy

A

Nasal Congestion

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23
Q

medications used to treat nasal congestion

A

Nasal Decongestant

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24
Q

stimulate the alpha-adrenergic receptors leading to vascular constriction of the capillaries within the nasal mucosa

A

Nasal Decongestant

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25
Q

Frequent use results to tolerance and rebound nasal congestion

A

Nasal Decongestants

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26
Q

used primarily for allergic rhinitis including hay fever and acute coryza

A

Systemic Decongestants

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27
Q

May decrease beta blocker effect

A

Pseudoephedrine + Beta blockers

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28
Q

increased possibility of hypertension or cardiac dysrhythmia

A

Decongestant + MAOIs

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29
Q

Increased restlessness and palpitations

A

Decongestant + Caffeine

30
Q

Effective for treating allergic rhinitis

A

Intranasal Glucocorticoid

31
Q

with anti-inflammatory action — allergic rhinitis symptoms of rhinorrhea sneezing and congestion

A

Intranasal Glucocorticoid

32
Q

Continuous use = dryness of the nasal mucosa may occur

A

Intranasal Glucocorticoid

33
Q

Nervous

Restless

Rebound nasal congestion

A

Side Effects of Decongestant

34
Q

Hypertension

Cardiac Disease

Hyperthyroidism

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Contraindications of Decongestant

35
Q

Headache

Nasal Irritation

Pharyngitis

Fatigue

Insomnia

Candidiasis

A

Side Effects of Intranasal Glucocorticoid

36
Q

Act on the cough control center in the medulla to suppress the cough reflex

A

Antitussives

37
Q

for nonproductive and irritating cough

A

Antitussives

38
Q

Nonopioid

Opioid

Combination Preparations

A

Types of Antitussives

39
Q

Benzonatate

A

Nonopioid

40
Q

Codeine

Dextromenthorphan

Guaifenesin

Homatropine 1.5mg & Hydrocodone 5mg

A

Opioid

41
Q

Guaifenesin

Dextromethorphan

A

Combination Preparations (with expectorant)

42
Q

provides temporary cough relief due to non-productive cough

A

Dextromethorphan

43
Q

Acts by decreasing the excitability of the cough center in the medulla

A

Dextromethorphan

44
Q

Loosen bronchial secretions so they can be eliminated by coughing

Used for productive cough

with or without nonpharmacologic agents

A

Expectorants

45
Q

inflammation of the mucous membrane of one or more of the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid or sphenoid sinuses

A

Sinusitis

46
Q

Antibiotic may be prescribed for acute or severe sinusitis

acetaminophen fluids and rest may be helpful

A

Sinusitis

47
Q

Inflammation of the throat or sore throat

A

Acute Pharyngitis

48
Q

can be caused by a virus, beta-hemolytic streptococci or other bacteria

A

Acute Pharyngitis

49
Q

can occur alone or with common cold and rhinitis or acute sinusitis

Elevated temperature

cough

A

Acute Pharyngitis

50
Q

Throat culture first (should be obtained to rule out beta-hemolytic streptococci infection)

A

Acute Pharyngitis

51
Q

Chemoreceptors are sensors that are stimulated by changes in these gases and ions.

Chemoreceptors are located centrally and peripherally

The central chemoreceptors, which are located in the medulla near the respiratory center and the cerebrospinal fluid, respond to an increase in carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH by increasing ventilation.

However, if the carbon dioxide level remains elevated, the stimulus to increase ventilation is lost.

Peripheral chemoreceptors are in the carotid and aortic bodies. It responds to changes in oxygen levels.

A low blood oxygen level stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors which in turn stimulate the respiratory center in the medulla, and ventilation is increased.

If oxygen therapy increases the oxygen level in the blood, the oxygen may be too high to stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors, and the ventilation will be depressed.

Take Note: the tracheo-bronchial tube consists of smooth muscles whose fibers spiral around the trachea-bronchial tube.

Contraction of these muscles constrict the airway.

The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system affects the bronchial smooth muscles in opposite ways.

A

Respiration

52
Q

The vagus nerve releases acetylcholine, which causes Bronchoconstriction

The sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine which stimulates beta 2 receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in Bronchodilation

These two nervous systems counterbalance each other to maintain homeostasis.

A

Respiration

53
Q

Increase bronchodilation by bronchial smooth muscles.

Phosphodiesterase enzyme can inactivate cAMP

A

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)

54
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Restrictive Pulmonary Disease

A

Lower Respiratory Infections

55
Q

Caused by airway obstruction with increased airway resistance of airflow to lung tissues

Chronic bronchitis

Bronchiectasis

Emphysema

Asthma

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

56
Q

Results in irreversible lung tissue damage

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

57
Q

Results to the decrease in total lung capacity as a result of fluid accumulation or the loss of elasticity of the lungs

A

Restrictive Pulmonary Disease

58
Q

Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary fibrosis

Pneumonitis

Lung tumors

Thoracic deformities (scoliosis)

Disorders affecting thoracic muscular wall

A

Restrictive Pulmonary Disease

59
Q

Characterized by periods of bronchospasm

A

Bronchial Asthma

60
Q

results when the lung tissue is exposed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors that stimulate broncho constrictive response

A

Bronchospasm

61
Q

Progressive lung disease

Caused by smoking or chronic lung infections

Bronchial inflammation and excessive mucous secretion > airway obstruction

A

Chronic Bronchitis

62
Q

Hypercapnia and Hypoxemia > respiratory acidosis

A

Chronic Bronchitis

63
Q

Abnormal dilation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to frequent infection and inflammation

A

Bronchiectasis

64
Q

Bronchioles become obstructed by the breakdown of the epithelium of the bronchial mucosa and tissue fibrosis may result

A

Bronchiectasis

65
Q

Progressive lung disease caused by smoking, atmospheric contaminants, or lack of alpha-antitrypsin protein that inhibits proteolytic enzymes that destroy alveoli

A

Emphysema

66
Q

Terminal bronchioles become plugged with mucous, causing a loss in the fiber and elastin network in the alveoli

Alveoli enlargement as many of the alveolar walls are destroyed

A

Emphysema

67
Q

Airway obstruction

Dyspnea

Decreased gas exchange

Fatigue

A

Patient Problems on Chronic Pulmonary Disease

68
Q

Bronchodilators (sympathomimetics, parasympatholytic, and methylxanthines to assist in opening narrow airways)

Glucocorticoids (decreases inflammation)

Leukotriene Modifiers (used to reduce inflammation in lung tissue)

Expectorants (assist in loosening the mucus from the airways)

Antibiotics (to prevent serious complications from bacterial infections)

A

Medications for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

69
Q

used to manage COPD.

A

Sympathomimetics or Alpha and Beta 2 Adrenergic Agonists

70
Q

Acts on Alpha 1, Beta 1, Beta 2 Adrenergic Receptor Sites

Promotes bronchodilation and elevates blood pressure

Used during anaphylaxis reaction through Subcutaneous route

A

Sympathomimetics: Epinephrine

71
Q

Beta 2 adrenergic agonist

Stimulates beta 2-adrenergic receptor in the lungs which relaxes the bronchial smooth muscle > bronchodilation

High dose or overuse may cause some degree of beta 1 response > nervousness, tremor, and increased PR

A

Albuterol

72
Q

Asthma

Bronchospasm

A

Indications of Albuterol

PHARMA FINALS (1 decks)

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