1C: Transmission of heritable info and processes increasing genetic diversity Flashcards
Phenotype
Physical manifestation of a trait
Genotype
Underlying genes of a trait
Locus
Specific place on a chromosome
Relationship of phenotype and genotype
Phenotype can correspond to multiple different genotypes, reverse is not true
Gene
Defined sequence of DNA coding for a given trait
Allele
Variations of a specific gene
Wild-Type
Default phenotype of genotype
Co-Dominance
Two dominant alleles are expressed at same time
Incomplete dominance
Blending of the phenotype
Complete Dominance
No difference in phenotype between heterozygotes and homozygotes of dominant gene
Penetrance
Likelihood that carrier of given genotype will manifest corresponding phenotype
Expressivity
Intensity of extent of variation in the phenotype
Gene Pool
Combined set of all genes/alleles in a population
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
Test cross
Dominant-phenotype individual crossed with recessive individual to determine phenotype
Law of Independent Assortment
Inheritance of various genes not correlated with one another
Fitness
Reproductive success
Inbreeding
Breeding between genetically closely related individuals, leads to increased manifestations of recessive mutations
Outbreeding
Breeding among genetically distant members of a population
Speciation
Process of new species evolving through evolution
Describe polymorphism
When there is a considerable phenotypic differences within a single species (i.e. blood type of humans)
Evolutionary Successs
Increased percentage of representation in gene pool for next generation
How is linkage exception to independent assortment?
Genes physically close to each other on the same chromosome tend to have their alleles inherited together
Why does sex-linked inheritance take place on the X chromosome, and not the Y?
Y chromosome has been stripped down to only include that which is necessary for sex determination
Draw flow chart for determining autosomal dominance, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked patterns of inheritace
Are males disproportionately likely to be affected?
If yes, then X-linked (most lilkely recessive)
If no, then autosomal inheritance
Does phenotype skip generation?
If yes, autosomal recessive
If no, autosomal dominant
Adaption and Specialization
Developing evolutionary strategies specific to certain microenvironments- different from speciation, but can set the stage for it
Pre-zygotic Barriers
Anything stopping reproduction before the formation of a zygote (occupying different niches, different breeding patterns, incompatible reproductively)
Post-zygotic Barriers
Forms of reproductive isolations that can occur after zygote is formed, maybe zygote can not develop to term
Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions
- Diploid Sexual Reproduction 2. Random Mating
- Large Population 4. Random distribution of alleles
- No mutations 6. No migration
Explain role of meiosis in law of independent assorment
We get random combinations of “mom” and “dad” alleles because homologous pairs line up in random order to separate into gametes
