1C: Transmission of heritable info and processes increasing genetic diversity

Question 1

Phenotype

Answer 1

Physical manifestation of a trait

Question 2

Genotype

Answer 2

Underlying genes of a trait

Question 3

Locus

Answer 3

Specific place on a chromosome

Question 4

Relationship of phenotype and genotype

Answer 4

Phenotype can correspond to multiple different genotypes, reverse is not true

Question 5

Gene

Answer 5

Defined sequence of DNA coding for a given trait

Question 6

Allele

Answer 6

Variations of a specific gene

Question 7

Wild-Type

Answer 7

Default phenotype of genotype

Question 8

Co-Dominance

Answer 8

Two dominant alleles are expressed at same time

Question 9

Incomplete dominance

Answer 9

Blending of the phenotype

Question 10

Complete Dominance

Answer 10

No difference in phenotype between heterozygotes and homozygotes of dominant gene

Question 11

Penetrance

Answer 11

Likelihood that carrier of given genotype will manifest corresponding phenotype

Question 12

Expressivity

Answer 12

Intensity of extent of variation in the phenotype

Question 13

Gene Pool

Answer 13

Combined set of all genes/alleles in a population

Question 14

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Answer 14

p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

Question 15

Test cross

Answer 15

Dominant-phenotype individual crossed with recessive individual to determine phenotype

Question 16

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 16

Inheritance of various genes not correlated with one another

Question 17

Fitness

Answer 17

Reproductive success

Question 18

Inbreeding

Answer 18

Breeding between genetically closely related individuals, leads to increased manifestations of recessive mutations

Question 19

Outbreeding

Answer 19

Breeding among genetically distant members of a population

Question 20

Speciation

Answer 20

Process of new species evolving through evolution

Question 21

Describe polymorphism

Answer 21

When there is a considerable phenotypic differences within a single species (i.e. blood type of humans)

Question 22

Evolutionary Successs

Answer 22

Increased percentage of representation in gene pool for next generation

Question 23

How is linkage exception to independent assortment?

Answer 23

Genes physically close to each other on the same chromosome tend to have their alleles inherited together

Question 24

Why does sex-linked inheritance take place on the X chromosome, and not the Y?

Answer 24

Y chromosome has been stripped down to only include that which is necessary for sex determination

Question 25

Draw flow chart for determining autosomal dominance, autosomal recessive, or sex-linked patterns of inheritace

Answer 25

Are males disproportionately likely to be affected?
If yes, then X-linked (most lilkely recessive)
If no, then autosomal inheritance
Does phenotype skip generation?
If yes, autosomal recessive
If no, autosomal dominant

Question 26

Adaption and Specialization

Answer 26

Developing evolutionary strategies specific to certain microenvironments- different from speciation, but can set the stage for it

Question 27

Pre-zygotic Barriers

Answer 27

Anything stopping reproduction before the formation of a zygote (occupying different niches, different breeding patterns, incompatible reproductively)

Question 28

Post-zygotic Barriers

Answer 28

Forms of reproductive isolations that can occur after zygote is formed, maybe zygote can not develop to term

Question 29

Hardy-Weinberg Assumptions

Answer 29

1. Diploid Sexual Reproduction 2. Random Mating
2. Large Population 4. Random distribution of alleles
3. No mutations 6. No migration

Question 30

Explain role of meiosis in law of independent assorment

Answer 30

We get random combinations of “mom” and “dad” alleles because homologous pairs line up in random order to separate into gametes