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asfdasd > 1b Postnatal and Child Development > Flashcards

1b Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name given to the future forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

Presencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

What are the three flexures of the developing brain which arise at 4 weeks of life?

A

cephalic, pontine and cervical flexures

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3
Q

At what stage of development does the brain develop into to the telencephalon, diencephalon, pons and medulla?

A

5 weeks

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4
Q

At what stage of development does the formation of the ventricles and aqueducts occur at?

A

8 weeks

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5
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

executive function and concentration

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6
Q

What part of the brain is implicated in children with ADHD?

A

pre frontal cortex

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7
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Nerves to skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What is the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes responsible for?

A

Parietal = sensory information from skin, MSK system, viscera

Occipital = visual

Temporal = auditory

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9
Q

What is the grey matter in he anterior section of the spinal cord responsible for?

A

Motor neurones

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10
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts responsible for?

A

Coordination of automated movements of locomotion and posture to painful stimuli - to maintain balance

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11
Q

Describe the reflex arc?

A
  1. Sensory receptor - responds to stimuli by producing a receptor potential
  2. Axon conducts impulse from receptor to coordinating center through the dorsal neurones via a sensory neurone
  3. This connects to the interneurone and the integration center
  4. Then to the motor neurone which conducts impulses to the effector which is a muscle of gland that responds to the motor nerve impulses
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12
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

When the babies neck is suddenly extended and the arms abduct and then adduct

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13
Q

When does the Moro reflex develop and disspear?

A

Develops - 28-32 weeks gestation

Should disapear between 3-6 months gestation

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14
Q

What is the persistence of primitive reflexes a sign of?

A

sign of impaired development

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15
Q

What is the standing reflex?

A

Extension of the lower extremities
Hips slightly flexed
Head free to turn

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16
Q

When does the standing reflex present?

A

From newborn to three months

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17
Q

What is the Grasp Reflex?

A

When an object is placed into the hands of a newborn, the fingers grasp the object tightly, and then stroking of the lateral side of the hand will release the fingers again

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18
Q

What is the grasp reflex replaced with?

A

voluntary movements of the hands around 6-9 months

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19
Q

What is the parachute reflex?

A

When the baby is placed in the forward tilting position - they will protect them selves with out stretched hands

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20
Q

What is development?

A

Global impression of a child - increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviours

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21
Q

What are the four domains of child development?

A

Speech and language skills, social skills, gross motor skills and fine motor skills

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22
Q

Describe what happens when a baby is pulled to sit?

A

Lying down = limited flexed, symmetrical posture

Lift them up = lag of the head dye to the lack of maturity of the neck muscles

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23
Q

Describe the typical positioning of babies at 6-8 weeks and 6-8 months?

A

6-8 weeks = lying down by raises head to the 45 degree position

6-8 months = sitting upright unsupported, at 6 months ack might be rounded, but at 8 months, much straighter seated position

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24
Q

At what point in development is a baby able to roll independantly?

A

3-5 months

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25
What is the typical age at which babies start to crawl?
8-9 months
26
At what age do babies start to pull them selves up to furniture?
10 months
27
At what age is the baby following an object or face by turning the head?
6 weeks
28
At what age will a baby be reaching out for toys?
4 months
29
At what age will babies be transfering objects from one hand to the next?
6-7 months
30
At what age will the bay develop a pincer grip?
10 months - able to hold object between their thumb and fore finger
31
At what age will a child be able to make marks with a crayon?
16-18 months
32
What is the first sign that a new born baby can hear?
responding / startled by loud noises
33
At what age will a baby vocalise alone or when spoken to, coo and laugh?
at 3-4 months
34
What hearing test is carried out at 7 months?
Hearing distraction test
35
What type of speech will babies displaying at 7-10 months?
Polysyllabic babble
36
what speech will chilren with a hearing impairment make?
Much more monosyllabic
37
What are the stages of hearing speech and language development between 12, 18, 20 months and 2-3 years?
12 months = Two or three words, other than dada or mama 18 months = locating parts of their body by responding to someone 20 months = Uses two or more words to make simple phrases 2.5-3 years = talks constantly in 2-4 word sentences
38
What do children with autism show?
Disordered speech and language development
39
Describe the changes which occur to emotional, social and behavioural development in children?
6 weeks = smiles responsively 6-8 months = puts food in mouth 10-7 months = waves bye bye and plays peak a boo 12 months = drinks from a cup using two hands 2 years = dry by day, pulls on some clothing, and involved in parallel play with other children
40
What are the patterns of abnormal development?
Slow but steady, plateau, regression
41
Describe the limit ages for different gross motor activities?
head control - 4 months Sits unsupported - 9 months Stands independntly - 12 Months Walks independently - 18 months
42
What is the abnormal motor development by 2 months which could suggest cerebral palsy?
Unable to life head or push up on arms, stiff extended legs Pushing back with head and constantly fisted hand and stiff leg on one side Difficulty moving out this position
43
Describe the abnormal motor development which might be seen from 3-6 months?
Unable to lift head, floppy trunk but stiff arms and extended legs Arms flexed and held back, with stiff legs Excess tone in the lower limbs = lack of disinhibition = potentially early cerebral palsy
44
What would you see in a baby between 6-9 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?
Poor head control Difficulty getting arms forward Stiff legs and pointed toes Rounded back Poor Ability to lift head and take weight
45
What would you see in a baby between 9-13 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?
Not interested in weight bearing difficulty pulling to stand Stiff legs Cannot crawl on hands and knees May only use one side of the body to move
46
What would you see in a baby between 12-18 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?
Holding arms bent and both arms stiffly bent Excessive tip toe gait Sits with weight on one side and uses one hand for play Hyperreflexia
47
Describe the fields of development with limit ages for vision and fine motor development?
Fixes and follows visually - 3 months Reaches for obhjects - 6 months Transfers - 9 months Pincer grip 12 months
48
Describe the fields of development with limit ages for hearing speech and language development?
Polysyllabic babble = 7 months Consonant babble = 10 months Saying 6 words with meaning - 18 months 3 word sentances = 2 years
49
Describe the fields of development with limit ages for social emotional and behavioural development?
Smiles - 8 weeks Fear of strangers - 10 months Feeds using a spoon = 18 months Symbolic play = 2-2.5 years Interactive play - 3-3.5 years
50
what are the three components of the healthy child programme?
Screening, general exam / immunisation and health education and promotipon
51
what screening is done at less than 12 weeks into pregnancy?
Hbopathy, Rhesus, infection
52
What screening is done 12 weeks into pregnany?
US scan dating and nuchal scan = for downsyndrome
53
What screening is done 18-20 weeks into pregnancy
Detailed US scan
54
What screening is done for new borns?
Bloodspot, hearing and physical screens
55
What are the elements of health promotion?
Relationships, breast feeing, vaccination, reading, weaning, social and emotional etc
56
When are the child health reviews conducted?
first year review and second year review
57
Describe the screening which is done from age 3-19
4-5 = Vision 5-11 = share infomation about preschool background 11-16 = health review as school transition occurs
58
What review is done at 4-5 years?
School entry review
59
How do the health promotion priorities shift as child development occurs?
5-11 = Promote health weight 11-16 = sexual health as well 16-19 = promote physical activity
60
What are prenatal factors which might influence developing human?
Nutrition - folate which is needed for spinal cord development Iron which is needed for brain development
61
What are perinatal factors which might influence developing human?
Delivery of the baby = oxygen deprivation, drugs used like aminoglycosides
62
What are postnatal factors which might influence developing human?
Trauma Meningitis
63
What is one of the most important considerations when evaluating a child for abnormal development?
Parental concern
64
What are the factors which might influence developmental delay?
Ill Health Lack of physical or psychological stimuli in family home Sensory / Motor Impairment Reduced inherent Potential
65
What are the two broad types of developmental delay?
Global = delay in all four domains Specific = delay in either language, motor, sensory or cognitive
66
What are some causes of global delay?
Down Syndrome and Fragile X Hypothyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism Infections, drugs, trauma, chronic illness Environmental-social issues
67
What are the causes of motor delay?
Cerebral palsy down's Syndrome Congenital Hip Dislocation **Social deprivation** MDD Neural tube defects - spina bifida Hyrdocephalus
68
What are causes of language delay>?
Hearing loss Learning diability ASD Lack of stimulation Development Dysphasia Stammer, dysarthia = impaired speech production
69
What are commonly used assessment tools for development?
Schedule of growing skills, griffits development scale, Bailey developmental scale and Denver

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