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asfdasd > 1b Postnatal and Child Development > Flashcards

1b Postnatal and Child Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name given to the future forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

Presencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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2
Q

What are the three flexures of the developing brain which arise at 4 weeks of life?

A

cephalic, pontine and cervical flexures

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3
Q

At what stage of development does the brain develop into to the telencephalon, diencephalon, pons and medulla?

A

5 weeks

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4
Q

At what stage of development does the formation of the ventricles and aqueducts occur at?

A

8 weeks

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5
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for?

A

executive function and concentration

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6
Q

What part of the brain is implicated in children with ADHD?

A

pre frontal cortex

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7
Q

What does the primary motor cortex do?

A

Nerves to skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What is the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes responsible for?

A

Parietal = sensory information from skin, MSK system, viscera

Occipital = visual

Temporal = auditory

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9
Q

What is the grey matter in he anterior section of the spinal cord responsible for?

A

Motor neurones

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10
Q

What are the extrapyramidal tracts responsible for?

A

Coordination of automated movements of locomotion and posture to painful stimuli - to maintain balance

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11
Q

Describe the reflex arc?

A
  1. Sensory receptor - responds to stimuli by producing a receptor potential
  2. Axon conducts impulse from receptor to coordinating center through the dorsal neurones via a sensory neurone
  3. This connects to the interneurone and the integration center
  4. Then to the motor neurone which conducts impulses to the effector which is a muscle of gland that responds to the motor nerve impulses
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12
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

When the babies neck is suddenly extended and the arms abduct and then adduct

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13
Q

When does the Moro reflex develop and disspear?

A

Develops - 28-32 weeks gestation

Should disapear between 3-6 months gestation

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14
Q

What is the persistence of primitive reflexes a sign of?

A

sign of impaired development

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15
Q

What is the standing reflex?

A

Extension of the lower extremities
Hips slightly flexed
Head free to turn

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16
Q

When does the standing reflex present?

A

From newborn to three months

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17
Q

What is the Grasp Reflex?

A

When an object is placed into the hands of a newborn, the fingers grasp the object tightly, and then stroking of the lateral side of the hand will release the fingers again

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18
Q

What is the grasp reflex replaced with?

A

voluntary movements of the hands around 6-9 months

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19
Q

What is the parachute reflex?

A

When the baby is placed in the forward tilting position - they will protect them selves with out stretched hands

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20
Q

What is development?

A

Global impression of a child - increase in understanding, acquisition of new skills and more sophisticated responses and behaviours

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21
Q

What are the four domains of child development?

A

Speech and language skills, social skills, gross motor skills and fine motor skills

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22
Q

Describe what happens when a baby is pulled to sit?

A

Lying down = limited flexed, symmetrical posture

Lift them up = lag of the head dye to the lack of maturity of the neck muscles

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23
Q

Describe the typical positioning of babies at 6-8 weeks and 6-8 months?

A

6-8 weeks = lying down by raises head to the 45 degree position

6-8 months = sitting upright unsupported, at 6 months ack might be rounded, but at 8 months, much straighter seated position

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24
Q

At what point in development is a baby able to roll independantly?

A

3-5 months

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25
Q

What is the typical age at which babies start to crawl?

A

8-9 months

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26
Q

At what age do babies start to pull them selves up to furniture?

A

10 months

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27
Q

At what age is the baby following an object or face by turning the head?

A

6 weeks

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28
Q

At what age will a baby be reaching out for toys?

A

4 months

29
Q

At what age will babies be transfering objects from one hand to the next?

A

6-7 months

30
Q

At what age will the bay develop a pincer grip?

A

10 months - able to hold object between their thumb and fore finger

31
Q

At what age will a child be able to make marks with a crayon?

A

16-18 months

32
Q

What is the first sign that a new born baby can hear?

A

responding / startled by loud noises

33
Q

At what age will a baby vocalise alone or when spoken to, coo and laugh?

A

at 3-4 months

34
Q

What hearing test is carried out at 7 months?

A

Hearing distraction test

35
Q

What type of speech will babies displaying at 7-10 months?

A

Polysyllabic babble

36
Q

what speech will chilren with a hearing impairment make?

A

Much more monosyllabic

37
Q

What are the stages of hearing speech and language development between 12, 18, 20 months and 2-3 years?

A

12 months = Two or three words, other than dada or mama

18 months = locating parts of their body by responding to someone

20 months = Uses two or more words to make simple phrases

2.5-3 years = talks constantly in 2-4 word sentences

38
Q

What do children with autism show?

A

Disordered speech and language development

39
Q

Describe the changes which occur to emotional, social and behavioural development in children?

A

6 weeks = smiles responsively
6-8 months = puts food in mouth
10-7 months = waves bye bye and plays peak a boo
12 months = drinks from a cup using two hands
2 years = dry by day, pulls on some clothing, and involved in parallel play with other children

40
Q

What are the patterns of abnormal development?

A

Slow but steady, plateau, regression

41
Q

Describe the limit ages for different gross motor activities?

A

head control - 4 months
Sits unsupported - 9 months
Stands independntly - 12 Months
Walks independently - 18 months

42
Q

What is the abnormal motor development by 2 months which could suggest cerebral palsy?

A

Unable to life head or push up on arms, stiff extended legs

Pushing back with head and constantly fisted hand and stiff leg on one side
Difficulty moving out this position

43
Q

Describe the abnormal motor development which might be seen from 3-6 months?

A

Unable to lift head, floppy trunk but stiff arms and extended legs

Arms flexed and held back, with stiff legs

Excess tone in the lower limbs = lack of disinhibition = potentially early cerebral palsy

44
Q

What would you see in a baby between 6-9 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?

A

Poor head control
Difficulty getting arms forward
Stiff legs and pointed toes
Rounded back
Poor Ability to lift head and take weight

45
Q

What would you see in a baby between 9-13 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?

A

Not interested in weight bearing
difficulty pulling to stand
Stiff legs
Cannot crawl on hands and knees
May only use one side of the body to move

46
Q

What would you see in a baby between 12-18 months with potential cerebral palsy which represent abnormal motor development?

A

Holding arms bent and both arms stiffly bent
Excessive tip toe gait
Sits with weight on one side and uses one hand for play

Hyperreflexia

47
Q

Describe the fields of development with limit ages for vision and fine motor development?

A

Fixes and follows visually - 3 months
Reaches for obhjects - 6 months
Transfers - 9 months
Pincer grip 12 months

48
Q

Describe the fields of development with limit ages for hearing speech and language development?

A

Polysyllabic babble = 7 months
Consonant babble = 10 months
Saying 6 words with meaning - 18 months
3 word sentances = 2 years

49
Q

Describe the fields of development with limit ages for social emotional and behavioural development?

A

Smiles - 8 weeks
Fear of strangers - 10 months
Feeds using a spoon = 18 months
Symbolic play = 2-2.5 years
Interactive play - 3-3.5 years

50
Q

what are the three components of the healthy child programme?

A

Screening, general exam / immunisation and health education and promotipon

51
Q

what screening is done at less than 12 weeks into pregnancy?

A

Hbopathy, Rhesus, infection

52
Q

What screening is done 12 weeks into pregnany?

A

US scan dating and nuchal scan = for downsyndrome

53
Q

What screening is done 18-20 weeks into pregnancy

A

Detailed US scan

54
Q

What screening is done for new borns?

A

Bloodspot, hearing and physical screens

55
Q

What are the elements of health promotion?

A

Relationships, breast feeing, vaccination, reading, weaning, social and emotional etc

56
Q

When are the child health reviews conducted?

A

first year review and second year review

57
Q

Describe the screening which is done from age 3-19

A

4-5 = Vision
5-11 = share infomation about preschool background
11-16 = health review as school transition occurs

58
Q

What review is done at 4-5 years?

A

School entry review

59
Q

How do the health promotion priorities shift as child development occurs?

A

5-11 = Promote health weight
11-16 = sexual health as well
16-19 = promote physical activity

60
Q

What are prenatal factors which might influence developing human?

A

Nutrition - folate which is needed for spinal cord development

Iron which is needed for brain development

61
Q

What are perinatal factors which might influence developing human?

A

Delivery of the baby = oxygen deprivation, drugs used like aminoglycosides

62
Q

What are postnatal factors which might influence developing human?

A

Trauma
Meningitis

63
Q

What is one of the most important considerations when evaluating a child for abnormal development?

A

Parental concern

64
Q

What are the factors which might influence developmental delay?

A

Ill Health
Lack of physical or psychological stimuli in family home
Sensory / Motor Impairment
Reduced inherent Potential

65
Q

What are the two broad types of developmental delay?

A

Global = delay in all four domains

Specific = delay in either language, motor, sensory or cognitive

66
Q

What are some causes of global delay?

A

Down Syndrome and Fragile X
Hypothyroidism, inborn errors of metabolism
Infections, drugs, trauma, chronic illness
Environmental-social issues

67
Q

What are the causes of motor delay?

A

Cerebral palsy
down’s Syndrome
Congenital Hip Dislocation
Social deprivation
MDD
Neural tube defects - spina bifida
Hyrdocephalus

68
Q

What are causes of language delay>?

A

Hearing loss
Learning diability
ASD
Lack of stimulation
Development Dysphasia
Stammer, dysarthia = impaired speech production

69
Q

What are commonly used assessment tools for development?

A

Schedule of growing skills, griffits development scale, Bailey developmental scale and Denver

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