1B Mannalian Transport Systems

Question 1

Diffusion

Answer 1

The movement of particles in a liquid or gas down a concentration gradient from an area where they are at a relatively high concentration to an area with a relatively low concentration

Question 2

Concentration gradient

Answer 2

the difference in concentration of solutes present in a solution between two regions, usually across a cell membrane

Question 3

Vertebrates

Answer 3

Animals with a backbone or spinal column, such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish

Question 4

Mass transport system

Answer 4

Circulation in which the heart pumps the blood to organs of gas exchange and the blood then travels on around the body before returning to the heart

Question 5

Double circulation system

Answer 5

Circulation involving two separate circuits, one of deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood, in which blood enters the heart twice before entering the arteriole system

Question 6

Systemic circulation

Answer 6

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body where the oxygen is used and carries the deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Question 7

Oxygenated blood

Answer 7

Blood that is carrying oxygen

Question 8

Deoxygenated blood

Answer 8

Blood that has given up its oxygen to the cells in the body

Question 9

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 9

Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the heart

Question 10

Cardiovascular system

Answer 10

The mass transport system of the body made up of a series of vessels with a pump to move blood through the vessels

Question 11

Active transport

Answer 11

The active movement of substances across a membrane using ATP from cellular respiration

Question 12

Leucocytes

Answer 12

White blood cells which play different roles such as defending the body against pathogens in some types

Question 13

Platelets

Answer 13

Cell fragments involved in the blood clotting mechanism

Question 14

Megakaryocytes

Answer 14

Large cells that are found in the bone marrow and produce platelets

Question 15

Oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 15

A molecule formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin

Question 16

Carbaminohaemoglobin

Answer 16

The molecule formed when carbon dioxide binds to haemoglobin

Question 17

Carbonic anhydrase

Answer 17

The enzyme controlling the rate of reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid

Question 18

Bohr effect

Answer 18

The changes in the oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin that occur due to a rise in carbon dioxide levels and a reduction of the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

Question 19

Fetal haemoglobin

Answer 19

A form of haemoglobin found only in the developing fetus with a higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin

Question 20

Serotonin

Answer 20

A chemical that causes the smooth muscle of blood vessels to contract, which narrows the lumen and reduce blood flow to that region

Question 21

Thromboplastin

Answer 21

An enzyme that sets in progress a cascade of events that leads to the formation of a blood clot

Question 22

Prothrombin

Answer 22

A large soluble protein found in plasma that is the precursor to thrombin

Question 23

Thrombin

Answer 23

An enzyme that acts on fibrinogen, converting it to fibrin during clot formation

Question 24

Fibrinogen

Answer 24

A soluble plasma protein which is the precursor to insoluble fibrin

Question 25

Fibrin

Answer 25

Insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the action of thrombin that forms a mesh of fibers that trap erythrocytes and platelets to form a blood clot

Question 26

Steps for blood clots

Answer 26

Damaged tissue -> platelets -> thromboplastin + calcium ion + prothrombin -> thrombin + fibrinogen -> fibrin -> clot