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NEUROLOGY 1a > 1b Cortical Organisation and Function > Flashcards

1b Cortical Organisation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The thin layer that covers the entire surface of the brain - together with deep nuclei contains the grey matter

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2
Q

What is the microscopic organization of the cerebral cortex?

A

layers and columns

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3
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

in front of the central sulcus

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4
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Cognitive function
Attention
Motor functions
MEmory
Language

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5
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Sensation
Sensory aspect of language
Spatial orientation and self perception

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6
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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7
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Processing auditory information, emotions and memory

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8
Q

What does the limbic lobe include?

A

amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary body, and cingulate gyrus

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9
Q

What is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A

learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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10
Q

What is the grey matter composed of ?

A

neuronal cell bodies and glial cells

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11
Q

What is the internal structure of the white matter?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tract

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12
Q

What connects cortical areas/

A

White matter tracts

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13
Q

What are association fibres?

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere

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14
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

Connect homologous structure in left and right hemispheres

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15
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

connect cortex with lower brain structures (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

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16
Q

What is the name of the fibres which connect the frontal and occipital lobes?

A

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

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17
Q

What is the name of the fibres which connect the frontal and temporal lobes?

A

Arcuate Fascicules
Uncinate fascicules (connects anterior frontal and temporal)

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18
Q

What are the two main sets of commissural fibres? And the other two?

A

Corpus callosum and anterior commissure

Posterior commissure and Hippocampal commissure of fornix

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19
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

where the projections radiate

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20
Q

Where do the projection fibres converge?

A

Through an internal capsule between the thalamus and basal ganglia

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21
Q

What effects will lesions in the primary cortices have compared to the secondary / association cortices?

A

Function predictable / less
Organised topographically / not
Symmetry between left and right / weak symmetry

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22
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex?

A

controls fine, discrete, precise voluntary movements.
Provides descending signals to execute movements.

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23
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

Involved in planning complex movements (e.g. internally cued)

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24
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor cortex?

A

involved in planning movements (e.g. externally cued)

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25
Q

What is the role of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

processes somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (e.g. fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature.

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26
Q

Which lobe of the brain is the somatosensory cortex in?

A

Parietal lobe

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27
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory association lobe?

A

Interpret significance of sensory information

Awareness of self and awareness of personal space

28
Q

What is the role of the primary visual cortex?

A

Processes visual information

29
Q

What is the role of the visual association cortex?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of visual input

30
Q

What is the role of the auditory association cortex?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

31
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

Production of language

32
Q

What is Wernicke’s area?

A

Involved in the understanding of language

33
Q

What is the role of the pre-frontal cortex?

A

Attention
Adjusting social behaviour
Planning
Personality expression
Decision Making

34
Q

What changes occur due to frontal lobe lesions?

A

Changes in personality and inappropriate behaviour

35
Q

What is meant by contralateral neglect?

A

When there is a lesion to the cortex on one side of the brain leading to complete disregard of what the other side of the body is doing, and lack of self awareness

36
Q

Lesions in which lobe lead to contralatral neglect?

A

Parietal lobe

37
Q

What do temporal lobe lesions lead to ?

A

Agnosia - the inability to recognise, and retrograde amnesia - inability to form new memories

38
Q

What does a lesion to Broca’s Area lead to?

A

Inability to produce speech, however comprehension is intact - expressive aphasia

39
Q

What does a lesion to Wernicke’s Area lead to?

A

Receptive aphasia - able to produce speech however comprehension of speech is significantly impaired

40
Q

Which commisural fibres connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s Areas?

A

Arcuate fasciculus

41
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces

42
Q

What does a lesion in the primary visual cortex lead to?

A

blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

43
Q

How can PET scans be used to assess brain function?

A

blood flow directly to a brain region

44
Q

How can Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
be used to measure cortical function?

A

amount of blood oxygen in a brain region

45
Q

What does Electroencephalography (EEG) do?

A

Measures electrical activity in the brain

46
Q

What doews Magnetoencephalography – (MEG) do?

A

Measures magnetic activity in the brain

47
Q

What are Somatosensory evoked potentials?

A

series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways

48
Q

What is Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)?

A

Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

49
Q

What is Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?

A

Imaging used to assess the structure of the brain Based on diffusionof water molecules

50
Q

What are the 6 layers of the brain?

A

Molecular layer
External granular layer
External pyramidal layer
Internal granular layer
Internal pyramidal layer
Multiform Layer

51
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for the sensory aspects of language?

A

Parietal lobe

52
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

Lies deep within the lateral fissue

53
Q

What does the internal capsule do?

A

Consists of ascending and descending tracts that connect the thalamus and the cerebral cortex

54
Q

What changes occur due to frontal lobe lesions?

A

changes in personality and inappropriate behaviour

55
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to form new memories

56
Q

Lesions to which brain area are common following a stroke?

A

Wernicke’s

57
Q

Wat is prosopagnosia?

A

The inability to recognise familiar faces o learning new faces

58
Q

What are three ways that cortical function is assessed?

A

Imaging
Encephalography
Brain stimulation

59
Q

What does fMRI detect changes in?

A

Changes in blood oxygenation and flow which occur in response to neural activity

60
Q

What it the routine investigation for people with spinal cord injury to confirm where along the pathway lesion is?

A

EEG

61
Q

Where is the activity recorded to and from in an EEG?

A

Recorded along the path of an impulse from the peripheral nerve up to the brain

62
Q

Describe M, F waves and ** reflex**

A
  • Fast motor response, large wave
  • large action potentials can cause a backwash (towards spinal cord) then activate lower motor nuerones back to muscle and cause a secondary twitch
  • Lower motor neurones activated from high intensity stimuli after first m wave (from initial stimulus), causing another twitch
63
Q
  • Orthodromic vs Antidromic motor activation
A
  • Orthodromic: same way
  • Antidromic: opposite way - in high stimulus intensities
64
Q
  • MS effect on upper/ lower/brain!!!!! ( conclusion from experiments)
A
  • long MEP latency (brain to muscle) could be any of three
  • PMCT is normal so not lower motor neurones
  • problem must be in CMCT!! so central nervous tissue
65
Q

Experiments to see whether MS is lower/upper (+equations)

A
  • stimulation vis TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation). actiavtion of entire motor system (upper +lower) causes a response
  • For the experiment: -TotalMotorCconductionTime (time from brain (CNS) to muscle(from peripheries) ).
  • PMCT (PNS) =(M latency + F latency -1)/2.
  • CMCT = TMCT - PMCT
66
Q
A

NEUROLOGY 1a (21 decks)

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