Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Core Chemistry #2 > 1b > Flashcards

1b Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Crude oils have different amounts of different hydrocarbons

A

But never enough petrol sized molecules for our needs 🙁

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The longer alkane molecules are broken down into shorter molecules

A

(Skip)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the formula for decane?

A

C10H22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the = symbol mean in a structural diagram?

A

A double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is meant by thermal decomposition?

A

Breaking substances down into simpler substances using heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Steam cracking uses steam and a temperature of 850 degrees.

A

Catalytic cracking uses a catalyst and a temperature of 600 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give one advantage and disadvantage of using steam cracking (850 degrees)

A

Advantage-the steam is relatively cheap

Disadvantage-the higher temperature means that more energy is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Now give one advantage and disadvantage of using catalyst cracking (600 degrees)

A

Advantage- Lower temperature needed so it saves energy

Disadvantage- there is the cost of the catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CRACKING DONE!! 🎉

A

NOW ONTO ALKENES 😩

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are alkenes different from alkanes?

A

Alkenes have a double bond, Alkanes do not

Alkenes, sounds like alKEEN=keen to get a partner= double bond because there’s two of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Alkenes are said to be unsaturated hydrocarbons. But what do chemists mean by unsaturated?

A

There are double bonds the can be broken down to allow more atoms to join into the molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can you add to hydrocarbons to test wether any double bonds are present?

A

Bromine water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What would you expect to see if there were any double bonds?

A

The orange colour of the bromine water would turn to colourless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is added to ethene to produce ethanol?

A

Water or steam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ethanol made from sugars is a renewable biofuel. What is a biofuel?

A

A fuel made from biological material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Give an advantage of using sugars to produce Ethanol for use as a car fuel

A

The fuel is renewable

Or, it does not contribute to global warming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Give a disadvantage of using sugars to produce Ethanol for use as a car fuel

A

-It uses a lot of land, land that could be used to grow crops for people, this forces the food prices up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is meant by a polymer?

A

A chain of repeating molecules bonded together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What word do we use to describe a small molecule used to make the polymer?

A

Monomer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

There are many different types of man-made polymers. Guttering is made from PVC , which is made from a small molecule.
Explain why we need different types of polymers

A

Guttering needs to be stronger than poly(ethene)

We need materials with different properties for different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compare how PVC guttering’s properties need to be different from wrapping polymers like clingfilm

A

Guttering’s need to be rigid whereas clingfilm needs to be flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Plastic polymers are easily moulded into shape, and are low density, waterproof and resistant to acids and alkalis. They are used on car and aircraft bodies

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Give three reasons why these expensive plastics are being used in cars and aircraft

A

They are lightweight meaning the cars and the planes weigh less, they use less fuel, and it is much easier to mound into the required shapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gore-tex is a designer fabric, it lets water vapour through but not liquid water. Explain why it is a good choice from which to make an outdoor coat

A

It will stop you from getting wet, but let evaporated sweat to pass out of the coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Suggest why the use of designer polymers is likely to increase in the future

A

To make materials better suited to their use, or different applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is meant by biodegradable?

A

Broken down by natural decay (fungi, small animals and plants and microbes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Suggest why cornstarch bags may be more biodegradable than plastic bags

A

The cornstarch will provide food for the organisms that eat it which breaks down the bag.
The hydrocarbon based plastic bags cannot be eaten by organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

There are three ways to dispose of polymer waste. Sent to a Landfill site, incinerated or it can be recycled. Suggest one problem with each of these methods:

A

}Landfill sites- it won’t degrade quickly and will fill up landfill sites
}Incinerating- produce poisonous or obnoxious gases
}Recycling- there are lots of different polymer types so sorting would be costly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe what is likely to happen to a biodegradable polymer when it decomposes

A

Microbes digest the cornstarch polymer leaving small pieces of hydrocarbon polymer not degraded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Suggest why this makes it unsuitable to be used to make compost, even though it contains plant materials, such as cornstarch and is biodegradable

A

The hydrocarbon-based polymers that remain after the cornstarch has degraded may not be good to grow plants

31
Q

Compare the benefits of disposing of the biodegradable polymer by landfill and by incineration

A

Landfill does not pollute the air, incineration provides heat energy that can be used for electrical generation or heating homes

32
Q

THATS POLYMERS DONE 🎉

A

Now onto oils from plants. Ooo😛

33
Q

Why are plant oils suitable for use as fuels?

A

They are rich in energy

34
Q

From which part of the plant is the plant oil obtained?

A

Seeds, nuts and fruits

35
Q

Describe how the plant oil is obtained from the plant

A

The plant parts are crushed, and the oil filtered from the pulp. Leaving just the oils

37
Q

Biofuels are fuels made from animal or plant materials. They are considered greener that fossil fuels. Evaluate the economic and environmental benefits of using biofuels. Include two advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages-cheaper that fossil fuels, renewable resource, carbon neutral, could use agricultural waste products such as manure/ waste from food crops

38
Q

Disadvantages- reduction in land for food use, rainforest turned into land to grow fuel crops, increase in costs of food crops as reduced land available to grow food

A

Comparison and conclusion with both advantages and disadvantages on both methods and a clear preference

39
Q

Plant oils are far more viscous that diesel. Describe how they can be modified to be used in Diesel engines

A

Plant oils can be reacted with alcohols such as methanol, to make a less viscous esters, that can be used in Diesel engines

40
Q

Soft or liquid vegetable fats are often converted into harder vegetable fats by reacting the fat with a hydrogen using a catalyst such as nickel. What is the purpose of using a nickel catalyst?

A

It speeds up the reaction

41
Q

EMULSIONS

A

KEEP GOING!! 😊😊🎉🎉🎉

42
Q

What word do we use to describe two liquids that don’t mix together?

A

Immiscible

43
Q

When making salad cream, egg yolk is added to a mixture of oil, water, vinegar and powdered mustard.
Name the aqueous substances in the mixture

A

The water and vinegar

44
Q

What is the purpose of the egg yolk?

A

To act as an emulsifying agent

54
Q

Describe the difference between a vegetable oil and a mineral oil

A

Vegetable oils come from plants, and mineral oils are from crude oil or fossil fuels

55
Q

What does the term ‘hydrophilic’ mean?

A

Water loving, like a dolphin

56
Q

What does the term hydrophobic mean?

A

It means Water fearing, like a cat

57
Q

EARTH!! 🌎

A

Wooo almost there haha, keep on going!! 🎉🎉🎉😩😩

58
Q

What is a tectonic plate?

A

It is a piece of the Earths crust

59
Q

Where are we most likely to find volcanoes?

A

At the edges of the tectonic plates

60
Q

Explain why volcanoes are found in these places

A

The meeting of the plates creates pressure in the mantle, this is relieved by magma being forced to the surface. Making a volcano 🌋

61
Q

In spring 2011, a tsunami hit the east coat of Japan. What do we mean by a tsunami?

A

A tidal wave

62
Q

How was the tsunami caused?

A

An Earthquake took place in the Earths crust beneath the sea. The movement of the crust caused a shockwave in the water

63
Q

The Rocky Mountains are located on the western edge of the North American coast. These mountains are created by the Pacific and North American plates colliding. Creating mountains and volcanoes. Describe how the colliding plates caused these to form

A

The ocean plate is thinner than the continental plate, so it goes underneath the continental plate. This forces the continental plate higher on the mantle, raising up mountains. The thin plates allow magma to come through causing a volcano 🌋

64
Q

What is the order of the Earths structure. From centre to the crust (there’s two of them haha)

A 
Inner core 
Outer core
Convection currents 
The mantle
The crust
65
Q

Describe how mountains are made by tectonic plates and convection currents

A

The plates are moved by convection currents. Where they collide and move/slide over each other, one raises up to cause mountains

66
Q

Rivers flow down mountains. Describe how these rivers for valleys

A

Water erodes away at the rocks, this causes a channel. And over hundreds/ thousands of years this channels turns into a valley

67
Q

AIR, well you need it to survive so we need to know about it too I guess

A

🎉🎉🎉

68
Q

The composition of the air has not always been the same since the Earth formed. It has changed.
Where do we think the early atmosphere came from?

A

Volcanoes 🌋

69
Q

How old is the Earth?

A

4.7 billion years old. And never once has it had a birthday card 😔

70
Q

Explain why life could only exist in the sea until the ozone appeared in the atmosphere

A

Ultraviolet light from the sunlight would kill it. The ozone protected the life from The ultraviolet light by filtering it down to a survivable amount

71
Q

What is meant by fractional distillation?

A

It means turning the gas mixture into a liquid and then collecting and separating the different gasses by their boiling points

72
Q

Primitive life first evolved about 3.4 billion years ago. No one knows how it evolved, although there are many different theory’s. explain why scientists do not know how life began

A

There are no fossil records of early life, it was too small to leave traces

73
Q

Suggest why most theory’s believe that life began in the seas

A

The seawater meant that the ultraviolet light couldn’t damage or kill the emerging life

74
Q

Miller and Urey suggested that what was a key variable in the formation of life?

A

Lightning ⛈

75
Q

They used a solution representing seawater from 4 billion years ago, filled their apparatus with the gasses present 4 billion years ago and passed electric sparks through the atmosphere.

A

They analysed the seawater a week later

76
Q

Name the three gasses they used to make the atmosphere of 4 billion years ago

A

Ammonia
Methane
Hydrogen

77
Q

Name two types of compounds they found in the seawater which had no been there at the start

A

Sugars/ribose sugars

And amino acids

78
Q

Explain why the experiment did not prove that this was how life was created

A

It didn’t make a living thing. It only make the building blocks that are present in living things

79
Q

Explain why burning biofuels is said to be ‘carbon neutral’

A

The carbon dioxide produced by burning that then goes into the air has recently been removed from the air by photosynthesis

80
Q

What do we mean by a carbon-based fuel?

A

It is a fuel made from compounds containing a lot of carbon atoms

81
Q

Explain why burning fossil fuels raises the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but biofuels are considered to be neutral

A

Fossil fuel carbon can be locked up for millions of years and released quickly, whereas biofuel carbon has only recently been removed from the air and is returned as quickly as photosynthesis takes place

82
Q

Carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by dissolving in seawater. What problems might this process cause?

A

Carbon dioxide is an acidic gas, so it will effect the pH of the water. This change in pH may dissolve sea shells, make it hard for plants to photosynthesise, in turn killing some organisms

83
Q

WOOO YOU’VE DONE IT. THATS CHEMISTRY 1b OUT THE WAY

A

Now have a break, get some food, have a cup of tea. Then back to it 🎉🎉😩😩

Core Chemistry #2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions