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AQA Science, Chemistry > 1a- Products from rocks > Flashcards

1a- Products from rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

The number of protons equals ….

A

… the number of electrons

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2
Q

Quarrying limestone causes ….. in the landscape

A

Large, ugly holes

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3
Q

Quarrying processes make lots of …. in quiet, scenic areas

A

noise and dust

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4
Q

Quarrying can destroy…

A

habitats of animals and birds

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5
Q

Limestone needs to be transported away from the quarry, which causes…

A

more noise and pollution

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6
Q

waste materials produce unsightly…

A

tips

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7
Q

Cement factories make a lot of…

A

dust , which can cause breathing problems

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8
Q

Energy to produce cement and quicklime comes from..

A

burning fossil fuels, which causes pollution

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9
Q

Limestone produces…. and chemicals to produce…. comes from limestone

A

houses and roads dyes, paints and medicines

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10
Q

Limestone products are used to neutralise… and acidity in … caused by… are neutralised by limestone products

A

acidic soil lakes and rivers acid rain

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11
Q

Limestone is used in …. chimneys to neutralise … (a cause of acid rain)

A

power station sulfur dioxide

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12
Q

a metal can be extracted from its ore chemically, by …. or by ….

A

reduction electrolysis

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13
Q

some ores may have to be …. before the metal is extracted

A

concentrated (getting rid of unwanted rocky material)

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14
Q

a metal can be extracted from its ore chemically by reduction using …

A

Carbon

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15
Q

when an ore is reduced, …. is removed from it

A

oxygen

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16
Q

iron oxide + carbon -> … + … hint- oxygen is removed

A

iron + carbon dioxide

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17
Q

metals higher than carbon in the reactivity series have to be extracted using….

A

Electrolysis

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18
Q

metals below carbon in the reactivity series have to be extracted by … using ….

A

reduction carbon

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19
Q

carbon can only take the oxygen away from metals which are …. than carbon itself

A

less reactive

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20
Q

electrolysis is more … than reduction because it uses a lot of …

A

expensive

energy

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21
Q

if copper is extracted by reduction it is heated in a … which is called …

A

furnace

smelting

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22
Q

copper produced reduction is … which doesn’t conduct …. very well and isn’t useful because copper is used for…

A

impure
electricity
electric wiring

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23
Q

Electrolysis requires a … to conduct the electricity, called the …

A

liquid

electrolyte

24
Q

electrolytes are often … … solutions made from the ore (e.g. copper sulfate) or … … oxides

A

metal
salt
molten metal

25
Q

the electrolyte has … ions which … the electricity

A

free

conduct

26
Q

electrons are taken away by the …. and given away by the …

A

(positive) anode

(negative) cathode

27
Q

How is electrolysis used to get copper?

A

1) electrons pulled off copper atoms at the anode -> Cu(+2) ions
2) Cu(+2) ions near the cathode gain electrons and turn back into copper atoms
3) impurities are dropped at the anode as a sludge, while pure copper atoms bond to the cathode

28
Q

the anode is a … of … copper which will …

A

big lump
impure copper
dissolve

29
Q

the cathode starts as a … piece of … copper and more pure copper adds to it

A

thin piece

pure copper

30
Q

displacement reaction example: copper sulfate + iron -> … + …

A

iron sulfate + copper

31
Q

Scientists are looking into new ways of extracting copper from …. ores

A

low-grade ores (ores that only contain small amounts of copper)

32
Q

Examples of new methods to extract copper are …. and …. Although they have a smaller impact on the environment, the disadvantage is that they’re …

A

bioleaching
phytomining
slow

33
Q

Bioleaching uses … to separate copper from … …

A

bacteria

copper sulfide

34
Q

Phytomining involves growing … in soil that contains copper which gradually builds up in the …

A

plants

leaves

35
Q

in phytomining, the plants can be … , … and … in a furnace, where the copper is collected from the ash left in the furnace

A

harvested
dried
burned

36
Q

Mining metal ores is good for the environment because it means … , provides … and brings … into the area

A

useful products can be made
local people with jobs
money

37
Q

Mining metal ore is bad for the environment because it causes … , … and loss of …

A

noise

scarring of the landscape

loss of habitats

38
Q

What does burning fossil fuels contribute to? (3)

A

Acid rain, global dimming, and climate change

39
Q

Metals (especially transition metals have everyday uses because of the properties such as…

A

strength and ‘bendability’

conductivity

40
Q

Copper’s 4 properties

A

good conductor of electricity
hard and strong
can be bent
doesn’t react with water

41
Q

Aluminum’s 3 properties

A

corrosion-resistant
low density
forms hard, strong alloys

42
Q

Titanium’s 3 properties

A

corrosion-resistant
low density
very strong

43
Q

Alloys are harder than pure metals because..

A

the different sized atoms of the mixed metals make the atomic layers less regular so they can’t slide as easily

44
Q

Crude oil is a mixture of.. and the mixture is split into.. by…

A

hydrocarbons
fractions
fractional distillation

45
Q

The crude oil … and then … at different levels

A

vaporises/evaporates

condenses

46
Q

small molecules are at the … of a fractional distillation column and have the properties of.. (4)

A

top

low boiling point
very volatile (turns into gas at a lower temp)
flows easily
ignites easily

47
Q

large molecules are at the … of a fractional distillation column and have the properties of.. (4)

A

top

high boiling point
not very volatile (turns into gas at a higher temp)
doesn’t flow easily
doesn’t ignite easily

48
Q

The first 4 alkanes are..

A

1 Methane
2 Ethane
3 Propane
4 Butane

49
Q

Alkanes have the formula of..

A

CnH(2n+2)

50
Q

Alternative fuels include..

A

ethanol
bio-diesel
hydrogen gas

51
Q

Ethanol is produced from.. and is carbon.. However, ethanol fuel isn’t..

A 
plant material (so it's a bio-fuel)
carbon neutral
(not) widely avaliable
52
Q

Bio-diesel can be produced from.. and is carbon.. However, not enough can be made to replace diesel and the price is.. to make

A

vegetable oils
carbon neutral
expensive

53
Q

Hydrogen gas is from the .. and combines with oxygen in the air to form just .. However, it isn’t .. and is hard to …

A

electrolysis of water
water (so is very clean)
(not) widely available
(hard to) store

54
Q

Ionic bonding is formed from …

A

a metal and non metal

55
Q

Ionic bonding means the metal atoms .. electrons to form … ions.
The non-metal atoms … electrons to form… ions.

A

lose
positive ions

gain
negative ions

56
Q

Covalent bonds are formed from..

A

two non-metals

AQA Science, Chemistry (3 decks)

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