1a- Products from rocks Flashcards
The number of protons equals ….
… the number of electrons
Quarrying limestone causes ….. in the landscape
Large, ugly holes
Quarrying processes make lots of …. in quiet, scenic areas
noise and dust
Quarrying can destroy…
habitats of animals and birds
Limestone needs to be transported away from the quarry, which causes…
more noise and pollution
waste materials produce unsightly…
tips
Cement factories make a lot of…
dust , which can cause breathing problems
Energy to produce cement and quicklime comes from..
burning fossil fuels, which causes pollution
Limestone produces…. and chemicals to produce…. comes from limestone
houses and roads dyes, paints and medicines
Limestone products are used to neutralise… and acidity in … caused by… are neutralised by limestone products
acidic soil lakes and rivers acid rain
Limestone is used in …. chimneys to neutralise … (a cause of acid rain)
power station sulfur dioxide
a metal can be extracted from its ore chemically, by …. or by ….
reduction electrolysis
some ores may have to be …. before the metal is extracted
concentrated (getting rid of unwanted rocky material)
a metal can be extracted from its ore chemically by reduction using …
Carbon
when an ore is reduced, …. is removed from it
oxygen
iron oxide + carbon -> … + … hint- oxygen is removed
iron + carbon dioxide
metals higher than carbon in the reactivity series have to be extracted using….
Electrolysis
metals below carbon in the reactivity series have to be extracted by … using ….
reduction carbon
carbon can only take the oxygen away from metals which are …. than carbon itself
less reactive
electrolysis is more … than reduction because it uses a lot of …
expensive
energy
if copper is extracted by reduction it is heated in a … which is called …
furnace
smelting
copper produced reduction is … which doesn’t conduct …. very well and isn’t useful because copper is used for…
impure
electricity
electric wiring
Electrolysis requires a … to conduct the electricity, called the …
liquid
electrolyte
electrolytes are often … … solutions made from the ore (e.g. copper sulfate) or … … oxides
metal
salt
molten metal
the electrolyte has … ions which … the electricity
free
conduct
electrons are taken away by the …. and given away by the …
(positive) anode
(negative) cathode
How is electrolysis used to get copper?
1) electrons pulled off copper atoms at the anode -> Cu(+2) ions
2) Cu(+2) ions near the cathode gain electrons and turn back into copper atoms
3) impurities are dropped at the anode as a sludge, while pure copper atoms bond to the cathode
the anode is a … of … copper which will …
big lump
impure copper
dissolve
the cathode starts as a … piece of … copper and more pure copper adds to it
thin piece
pure copper
displacement reaction example: copper sulfate + iron -> … + …
iron sulfate + copper
Scientists are looking into new ways of extracting copper from …. ores
low-grade ores (ores that only contain small amounts of copper)
Examples of new methods to extract copper are …. and …. Although they have a smaller impact on the environment, the disadvantage is that they’re …
bioleaching
phytomining
slow
Bioleaching uses … to separate copper from … …
bacteria
copper sulfide
Phytomining involves growing … in soil that contains copper which gradually builds up in the …
plants
leaves
in phytomining, the plants can be … , … and … in a furnace, where the copper is collected from the ash left in the furnace
harvested
dried
burned
Mining metal ores is good for the environment because it means … , provides … and brings … into the area
useful products can be made
local people with jobs
money
Mining metal ore is bad for the environment because it causes … , … and loss of …
noise
scarring of the landscape
loss of habitats
What does burning fossil fuels contribute to? (3)
Acid rain, global dimming, and climate change
Metals (especially transition metals have everyday uses because of the properties such as…
strength and ‘bendability’
conductivity
Copper’s 4 properties
good conductor of electricity
hard and strong
can be bent
doesn’t react with water
Aluminum’s 3 properties
corrosion-resistant
low density
forms hard, strong alloys
Titanium’s 3 properties
corrosion-resistant
low density
very strong
Alloys are harder than pure metals because..
the different sized atoms of the mixed metals make the atomic layers less regular so they can’t slide as easily
Crude oil is a mixture of.. and the mixture is split into.. by…
hydrocarbons
fractions
fractional distillation
The crude oil … and then … at different levels
vaporises/evaporates
condenses
small molecules are at the … of a fractional distillation column and have the properties of.. (4)
top
low boiling point
very volatile (turns into gas at a lower temp)
flows easily
ignites easily
large molecules are at the … of a fractional distillation column and have the properties of.. (4)
top
high boiling point
not very volatile (turns into gas at a higher temp)
doesn’t flow easily
doesn’t ignite easily
The first 4 alkanes are..
1 Methane
2 Ethane
3 Propane
4 Butane
Alkanes have the formula of..
CnH(2n+2)
Alternative fuels include..
ethanol
bio-diesel
hydrogen gas
Ethanol is produced from.. and is carbon.. However, ethanol fuel isn’t..
plant material (so it's a bio-fuel) carbon neutral (not) widely avaliable
Bio-diesel can be produced from.. and is carbon.. However, not enough can be made to replace diesel and the price is.. to make
vegetable oils
carbon neutral
expensive
Hydrogen gas is from the .. and combines with oxygen in the air to form just .. However, it isn’t .. and is hard to …
electrolysis of water
water (so is very clean)
(not) widely available
(hard to) store
Ionic bonding is formed from …
a metal and non metal
Ionic bonding means the metal atoms .. electrons to form … ions.
The non-metal atoms … electrons to form… ions.
lose
positive ions
gain
negative ions
Covalent bonds are formed from..
two non-metals
