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NEUROLOGY - BRS > 1a Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

1a Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain called?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

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2
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Fine movement, balance and fine coordination

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3
Q

What is a soma?

A

A cell body

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4
Q

What is a unipolar neurone?

A

A neurone with one axonal projection

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5
Q

What is a bipolar neurone?

A

Where the cell body is in the middle of the axon

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6
Q

What is a pseudo-unipolar neurone?

A

single axonal projection splits into two, cell body is not embedded into the axon

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7
Q

What are the three shapes of the multipolar cells?

A

Pyramidal, Purkinje and golgi cells

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8
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Projections off the axon which receive signals from other neurones

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9
Q

What is an astrocyte? And what is its function?

A

A highly abundant cell which is important in maintaining blood brain barrier and keep the neurones in place

They function as structural cells and are known to play an important role in cell repair, synapse formation, neuronal maturation and plasticity.

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10
Q

What is the function of the oligodendrocytes>

A

They produce myelin in the CNS

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11
Q

How many cells do oligodendrocytes produce myelin for?

A

Myelinates many axons

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12
Q

What is the function of a Schwann Cell?

A

Functions to produce myeline for the peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

how many axons does one schwaan cell myelinate?

A

One

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14
Q

what are microglial cells?

A

They are the immune cells of the Central Nervous System - similar to macrophages

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15
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Epithelial cells lining the ventricles that regulate the production of CSF

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16
Q

How is resting membrane potential generated?

A

3 Sodium ions pumped out for every 2 potassium ions that are pumped in
This results in a high concentration of Na+ outside the neurone, sets up a high concentration gradient so that sodium ions can flow in to generate an action potential

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17
Q

Is the inside of the neurone more positive or negative than the outside?

A

The inside is more negative - more positive charge is leaving then entering, therefore inside will be more negative

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18
Q

What helps to move the NA+ and K+ ions to generate resting membrane potential?

A

The Na+/K+ ion pump - Active transport so ATP dependant

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19
Q

Which ions are in high concentration outside the neurone?

A

Na+ and Cl-

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20
Q

Which ions are in high concentration inside the neurone?

A

K+

21
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

22
Q

When the inside of the neurone becomes more negative, what is this known as ?

A

Hyperpolarisation

23
Q

When the inside of the neurone becomes more positive, what is this known as?

A

Depolarised

24
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The junction between the motor neurone and muscle

25
Q

Describe what happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A
  1. Action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic bouton
  2. Ca2+ ion channels open
  3. Ca2+ binds to NT vesicles containing ACh
  4. They diffuse and ACh released into synaptic cleft through exocytosis
  5. ACh binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
  6. Action potential then travels down the T Tubules which runs close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  7. The depolarisation of the sarcolemma causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release ca2+ which leads to muscle contraction
26
Q

What is botulism?

A

When botulinum toxin disrupts the ACh release from the pre-synaptic terminal - leads to muscle weakness

27
Q

What is the name of the condition where you produce autoantibodies against the nAChr’s on the skeletal muscle

A

Myasthenia gravis

28
Q

What is Lambert-Eaton Myastenic Syndrome?

A

An autoimmune disorder where you produce antibodies directed against voltage gated calcium channels

29
Q

What is the difference between Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myastenic Syndrome?

A

MG = antibodies against nAChrs
Lambert- Eaton = antibodies against voltage gated calcium channels

30
Q

What are golgi cells?

A

GABA neurones found in the cerebellum

31
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

GABA neurones found in the cerebellum

32
Q

What are pyramidal cells?

A

Cells with Pyramid shaped cell bodies

33
Q

What are the three common features of neurones?

A

Soma, Axon and dendrites

34
Q

What is the difference between dendrites and axons?

A

Dendrites are highly branched and are not covered in myelin

35
Q

What can axons brnach off into?

A

Collaterals

36
Q

What are microglia?

A

Neuronal macrophages

37
Q

At resting membrane potential, what has happened to the Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) & voltage-gated K+ channels (VGKCs) ?

A

They are closed

38
Q

What happens to the voltage gated sodium channels when the membrane undergoes depolarisation?

A

Sodium influx

39
Q

What causes membrane repolarisation?

A

VGKCs opens at a slower rate and causes  efflux of K+ from cell

40
Q

What pump restores the ion gradients across the membrane of a neurone?

A

Na+ / K+ ATPase pump restores the ion gradient

41
Q

How does the myelin prevent the AP from spreading?

A

because it has - high resistance & low capacitance

42
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

Small gaps of myelin intermittently along axon

43
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The jumping of the AP between the nodes of ranvier

44
Q

What is a axodendritic cell?

A

connection between presynaptic terminal and a neuronal dendrite

45
Q

what is a axosomatic synapse?

A

Connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal soma

46
Q

What is a Axoaxonic synapse?

A

: connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal axon

47
Q

What type of communication occurs between nerve and effector cells?

A

Paracrine communication - due to neurotransmitter release

48
Q

What is the pathophysiolgy of Botulism?

A

Botulinum toxin (BTx): irreversible disrupts stimulation-induced ACh release from presynaptic nerve terminal

NEUROLOGY - BRS (22 decks)

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